Merge branch 'master' into eddie/pr1266_again

44 files changed, 2814 insertions, 2165 deletions

diff --git a/passes/cmds/delete.cc b/passes/cmds/delete.cc
index f8d91ea48..5822c09f8 100644
--- a/passes/cmds/delete.cc
+++ b/passes/cmds/delete.cc
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ struct DeletePass : public Pass {
 			for (auto &it : module->cells_) {
 				if (design->selected(module, it.second))
 					delete_cells.insert(it.second);
-				if ((it.second->type == "$memrd" || it.second->type == "$memwr") &&
+				if (it.second->type.in("$memrd", "$memwr") &&
 						delete_mems.count(it.second->parameters.at("\\MEMID").decode_string()) != 0)
 					delete_cells.insert(it.second);
 			}
diff --git a/passes/opt/Makefile.inc b/passes/opt/Makefile.inc
index ea3646330..eb07e9452 100644
--- a/passes/opt/Makefile.inc
+++ b/passes/opt/Makefile.inc
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ OBJS += passes/opt/opt_merge.o
 OBJS += passes/opt/opt_muxtree.o
 OBJS += passes/opt/opt_reduce.o
 OBJS += passes/opt/opt_rmdff.o
+OBJS += passes/opt/opt_share.o
 OBJS += passes/opt/opt_clean.o
 OBJS += passes/opt/opt_expr.o
 
@@ -16,4 +17,3 @@ OBJS += passes/opt/opt_lut.o
 OBJS += passes/opt/pmux2shiftx.o
 OBJS += passes/opt/muxpack.o
 endif
-
diff --git a/passes/opt/muxpack.cc b/passes/opt/muxpack.cc
index 225c30d9a..c40c02acd 100644
--- a/passes/opt/muxpack.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/muxpack.cc
@@ -37,22 +37,22 @@ struct ExclusiveDatabase
 		SigBit y_port;
 		pool<Cell*> reduce_or;
 		for (auto cell : module->cells()) {
-			if (cell->type == "$eq") {
-				nonconst_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				const_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+			if (cell->type == ID($eq)) {
+				nonconst_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				const_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 				if (!const_sig.is_fully_const()) {
 					if (!nonconst_sig.is_fully_const())
 						continue;
 					std::swap(nonconst_sig, const_sig);
 				}
-				y_port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+				y_port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 			}
-			else if (cell->type == "$logic_not") {
-				nonconst_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			else if (cell->type == ID($logic_not)) {
+				nonconst_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				const_sig = Const(State::S0, GetSize(nonconst_sig));
-				y_port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+				y_port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 			}
-			else if (cell->type == "$reduce_or") {
+			else if (cell->type == ID($reduce_or)) {
 				reduce_or.insert(cell);
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ struct ExclusiveDatabase
 		for (auto cell : reduce_or) {
 			nonconst_sig = SigSpec();
 			std::vector<Const> values;
-			SigSpec a_port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			SigSpec a_port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			for (auto bit : a_port) {
 				auto it = sig_cmp_prev.find(bit);
 				if (it == sig_cmp_prev.end()) {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ struct ExclusiveDatabase
 			}
 			if (nonconst_sig.empty())
 				continue;
-			y_port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			y_port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 			sig_cmp_prev[y_port] = std::make_pair(nonconst_sig,std::move(values));
 		}
 	}
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ struct MuxpackWorker
 	{
 		for (auto wire : module->wires())
 		{
-			if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep")) {
+			if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep)) {
 				for (auto bit : sigmap(wire))
 					sigbit_with_non_chain_users.insert(bit);
 			}
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ struct MuxpackWorker
 
 		for (auto cell : module->cells())
 		{
-			if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux") && !cell->get_bool_attribute("\\keep"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux)) && !cell->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep))
 			{
-				SigSpec a_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				SigSpec a_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				SigSpec b_sig;
-				if (cell->type == "$mux")
-					b_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-				SigSpec y_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+				if (cell->type == ID($mux))
+					b_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+				SigSpec y_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
    
 				if (sig_chain_next.count(a_sig))
 					for (auto a_bit : a_sig.bits())
@@ -186,16 +186,16 @@ struct MuxpackWorker
 		{
 			log_debug("Considering %s (%s)\n", log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
 
-			SigSpec a_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			if (cell->type == "$mux") {
-				SigSpec b_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+			SigSpec a_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			if (cell->type == ID($mux)) {
+				SigSpec b_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 				if (sig_chain_prev.count(a_sig) + sig_chain_prev.count(b_sig) != 1)
 					goto start_cell;
 
 				if (!sig_chain_prev.count(a_sig))
 					a_sig = b_sig;
 			}
-			else if (cell->type == "$pmux") {
+			else if (cell->type == ID($pmux)) {
 				if (!sig_chain_prev.count(a_sig))
 					goto start_cell;
 			}
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ struct MuxpackWorker
 			{
 				Cell *prev_cell = sig_chain_prev.at(a_sig);
 				log_assert(prev_cell);
-				SigSpec s_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\S"));
-				s_sig.append(sigmap(prev_cell->getPort("\\S")));
+				SigSpec s_sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+				s_sig.append(sigmap(prev_cell->getPort(ID(S))));
 				if (!excl_db.query(s_sig))
 					goto start_cell;
 			}
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ struct MuxpackWorker
 		{
 			chain.push_back(c);
 
-			SigSpec y_sig = sigmap(c->getPort("\\Y"));
+			SigSpec y_sig = sigmap(c->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 			if (sig_chain_next.count(y_sig) == 0)
 				break;
@@ -269,29 +269,29 @@ struct MuxpackWorker
 			mux_count += cases;
 			pmux_count += 1;
 
-			first_cell->type = "$pmux";
-			SigSpec b_sig = first_cell->getPort("\\B");
-			SigSpec s_sig = first_cell->getPort("\\S");
+			first_cell->type = ID($pmux);
+			SigSpec b_sig = first_cell->getPort(ID::B);
+			SigSpec s_sig = first_cell->getPort(ID(S));
 
 			for (int i = 1; i < cases; i++) {
 				Cell* prev_cell = chain[cursor+i-1];
 				Cell* cursor_cell = chain[cursor+i];
-				if (sigmap(prev_cell->getPort("\\Y")) == sigmap(cursor_cell->getPort("\\A"))) {
-					b_sig.append(cursor_cell->getPort("\\B"));
-					s_sig.append(cursor_cell->getPort("\\S"));
+				if (sigmap(prev_cell->getPort(ID::Y)) == sigmap(cursor_cell->getPort(ID::A))) {
+					b_sig.append(cursor_cell->getPort(ID::B));
+					s_sig.append(cursor_cell->getPort(ID(S)));
 				}
 				else {
-					log_assert(cursor_cell->type == "$mux");
-					b_sig.append(cursor_cell->getPort("\\A"));
-					s_sig.append(module->LogicNot(NEW_ID, cursor_cell->getPort("\\S")));
+					log_assert(cursor_cell->type == ID($mux));
+					b_sig.append(cursor_cell->getPort(ID::A));
+					s_sig.append(module->LogicNot(NEW_ID, cursor_cell->getPort(ID(S))));
 				}
 				remove_cells.insert(cursor_cell);
 			}
 
-			first_cell->setPort("\\B", b_sig);
-			first_cell->setPort("\\S", s_sig);
-			first_cell->setParam("\\S_WIDTH", GetSize(s_sig));
-			first_cell->setPort("\\Y", last_cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			first_cell->setPort(ID::B, b_sig);
+			first_cell->setPort(ID(S), s_sig);
+			first_cell->setParam(ID(S_WIDTH), GetSize(s_sig));
+			first_cell->setPort(ID::Y, last_cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 			cursor += cases;
 		}
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt.cc b/passes/opt/opt.cc
index e9a43e0f3..396819883 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt.cc
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ struct OptPass : public Pass {
 		log("        opt_muxtree\n");
 		log("        opt_reduce [-fine] [-full]\n");
 		log("        opt_merge [-share_all]\n");
+		log("        opt_share (-full only)\n");
 		log("        opt_rmdff [-keepdc] [-sat]\n");
 		log("        opt_clean [-purge]\n");
 		log("        opt_expr [-mux_undef] [-mux_bool] [-undriven] [-clkinv] [-fine] [-full] [-keepdc]\n");
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ struct OptPass : public Pass {
 		std::string opt_reduce_args;
 		std::string opt_merge_args;
 		std::string opt_rmdff_args;
+		bool opt_share = false;
 		bool fast_mode = false;
 
 		log_header(design, "Executing OPT pass (performing simple optimizations).\n");
@@ -105,6 +107,7 @@ struct OptPass : public Pass {
 			if (args[argidx] == "-full") {
 				opt_expr_args += " -full";
 				opt_reduce_args += " -full";
+				opt_share = true;
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (args[argidx] == "-keepdc") {
@@ -151,6 +154,8 @@ struct OptPass : public Pass {
 				Pass::call(design, "opt_muxtree");
 				Pass::call(design, "opt_reduce" + opt_reduce_args);
 				Pass::call(design, "opt_merge" + opt_merge_args);
+				if (opt_share)
+					Pass::call(design, "opt_share");
 				Pass::call(design, "opt_rmdff" + opt_rmdff_args);
 				Pass::call(design, "opt_clean" + opt_clean_args);
 				Pass::call(design, "opt_expr" + opt_expr_args);
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_clean.cc b/passes/opt/opt_clean.cc
index 905c95b6c..2f69b3d4c 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_clean.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_clean.cc
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ struct keep_cache_t
 			return cache.at(module);
 
 		cache[module] = true;
-		if (!module->get_bool_attribute("\\keep")) {
+		if (!module->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep)) {
 			bool found_keep = false;
 			for (auto cell : module->cells())
 				if (query(cell)) found_keep = true;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ struct keep_cache_t
 
 	bool query(Cell *cell)
 	{
-		if (cell->type.in("$memwr", "$meminit", "$assert", "$assume", "$live", "$fair", "$cover", "$specify2", "$specify3", "$specrule"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($memwr), ID($meminit), ID($assert), ID($assume), ID($live), ID($fair), ID($cover), ID($specify2), ID($specify3), ID($specrule)))
 			return true;
 
 		if (cell->has_keep_attr())
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ void rmunused_module_cells(Module *module, bool verbose)
 
 	for (auto &it : module->wires_) {
 		Wire *wire = it.second;
-		if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep")) {
+		if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep)) {
 			for (auto bit : sigmap(wire))
 			for (auto c : wire2driver[bit])
 				queue.insert(c), unused.erase(c);
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ void rmunused_module_cells(Module *module, bool verbose)
 int count_nontrivial_wire_attrs(RTLIL::Wire *w)
 {
 	int count = w->attributes.size();
-	count -= w->attributes.count("\\src");
-	count -= w->attributes.count("\\unused_bits");
+	count -= w->attributes.count(ID(src));
+	count -= w->attributes.count(ID(unused_bits));
 	return count;
 }
 
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ bool rmunused_module_signals(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbos
 			if (!wire->port_input)
 				used_signals_nodrivers.add(sig);
 		}
-		if (wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep")) {
+		if (wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep)) {
 			RTLIL::SigSpec sig = RTLIL::SigSpec(wire);
 			assign_map.apply(sig);
 			used_signals.add(sig);
@@ -311,19 +311,19 @@ bool rmunused_module_signals(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbos
 		log_assert(GetSize(s1) == GetSize(s2));
 
 		Const initval;
-		if (wire->attributes.count("\\init"))
-			initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+		if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init)))
+			initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 		if (GetSize(initval) != GetSize(wire))
 			initval.bits.resize(GetSize(wire), State::Sx);
 		if (initval.is_fully_undef())
-			wire->attributes.erase("\\init");
+			wire->attributes.erase(ID(init));
 
 		if (GetSize(wire) == 0) {
 			// delete zero-width wires, unless they are module ports
 			if (wire->port_id == 0)
 				goto delete_this_wire;
 		} else
-		if (wire->port_id != 0 || wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep") || !initval.is_fully_undef()) {
+		if (wire->port_id != 0 || wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep) || !initval.is_fully_undef()) {
 			// do not delete anything with "keep" or module ports or initialized wires
 		} else
 		if (!purge_mode && check_public_name(wire->name) && (raw_used_signals.check_any(s1) || used_signals.check_any(s2) || s1 != s2)) {
@@ -357,9 +357,9 @@ bool rmunused_module_signals(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbos
 				}
 			if (new_conn.first.size() > 0) {
 				if (initval.is_fully_undef())
-					wire->attributes.erase("\\init");
+					wire->attributes.erase(ID(init));
 				else
-					wire->attributes.at("\\init") = initval;
+					wire->attributes.at(ID(init)) = initval;
 				used_signals.add(new_conn.first);
 				used_signals.add(new_conn.second);
 				module->connect(new_conn);
@@ -377,11 +377,11 @@ bool rmunused_module_signals(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbos
 					}
 				}
 				if (unused_bits.empty() || wire->port_id != 0)
-					wire->attributes.erase("\\unused_bits");
+					wire->attributes.erase(ID(unused_bits));
 				else
-					wire->attributes["\\unused_bits"] = RTLIL::Const(unused_bits);
+					wire->attributes[ID(unused_bits)] = RTLIL::Const(unused_bits);
 			} else {
-				wire->attributes.erase("\\unused_bits");
+				wire->attributes.erase(ID(unused_bits));
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -413,18 +413,18 @@ bool rmunused_module_init(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbose)
 	dict<SigBit, State> qbits;
 
 	for (auto cell : module->cells())
-		if (fftypes.cell_known(cell->type) && cell->hasPort("\\Q"))
+		if (fftypes.cell_known(cell->type) && cell->hasPort(ID(Q)))
 		{
-			SigSpec sig = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+			SigSpec sig = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig); i++)
 			{
 				SigBit bit = sig[i];
 
-				if (bit.wire == nullptr || bit.wire->attributes.count("\\init") == 0)
+				if (bit.wire == nullptr || bit.wire->attributes.count(ID(init)) == 0)
 					continue;
 
-				Const init = bit.wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+				Const init = bit.wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 
 				if (i >= GetSize(init) || init[i] == State::Sx || init[i] == State::Sz)
 					continue;
@@ -439,10 +439,10 @@ bool rmunused_module_init(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbose)
 		if (!purge_mode && wire->name[0] == '\\')
 			continue;
 
-		if (wire->attributes.count("\\init") == 0)
+		if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init)) == 0)
 			continue;
 
-		Const init = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+		Const init = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(wire) && i < GetSize(init); i++)
 		{
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ bool rmunused_module_init(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbose)
 		if (verbose)
 			log_debug("  removing redundant init attribute on %s.\n", log_id(wire));
 
-		wire->attributes.erase("\\init");
+		wire->attributes.erase(ID(init));
 		did_something = true;
 	next_wire:;
 	}
@@ -480,10 +480,10 @@ void rmunused_module(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbose, bool
 
 	std::vector<RTLIL::Cell*> delcells;
 	for (auto cell : module->cells())
-		if (cell->type.in("$pos", "$_BUF_") && !cell->has_keep_attr()) {
-			bool is_signed = cell->type == "$pos" && cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($pos), ID($_BUF_)) && !cell->has_keep_attr()) {
+			bool is_signed = cell->type == ID($pos) && cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 			a.extend_u0(GetSize(y), is_signed);
 			module->connect(y, a);
 			delcells.push_back(cell);
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ void rmunused_module(RTLIL::Module *module, bool purge_mode, bool verbose, bool
 	for (auto cell : delcells) {
 		if (verbose)
 			log_debug("  removing buffer cell `%s': %s = %s\n", cell->name.c_str(),
-					log_signal(cell->getPort("\\Y")), log_signal(cell->getPort("\\A")));
+					log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::A)));
 		module->remove(cell);
 	}
 	if (!delcells.empty())
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_demorgan.cc b/passes/opt/opt_demorgan.cc
index 1699a6454..4bc82815b 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_demorgan.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_demorgan.cc
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ void demorgan_worker(
 	//TODO: Add support for reduce_xor
 	//DeMorgan of XOR is either XOR (if even number of inputs) or XNOR (if odd number)
 
-	if( (cell->type != "$reduce_and") && (cell->type != "$reduce_or") )
+	if( (cell->type != ID($reduce_and)) && (cell->type != ID($reduce_or)) )
 		return;
 
-	auto insig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+	auto insig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 	log("Inspecting %s cell %s (%d inputs)\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell->name), GetSize(insig));
 	int num_inverted = 0;
 	for(int i=0; i<GetSize(insig); i++)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void demorgan_worker(
 		bool inverted = false;
 		for(auto x : ports)
 		{
-			if(x.port == "\\Y" && x.cell->type == "$_NOT_")
+			if(x.port == ID::Y && x.cell->type == ID($_NOT_))
 			{
 				inverted = true;
 				break;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void demorgan_worker(
 		RTLIL::Cell* srcinv = NULL;
 		for(auto x : ports)
 		{
-			if(x.port == "\\Y" && x.cell->type == "$_NOT_")
+			if(x.port == ID::Y && x.cell->type == ID($_NOT_))
 			{
 				srcinv = x.cell;
 				break;
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void demorgan_worker(
 		//We ARE inverted - bypass it
 		//Don't automatically delete the inverter since other stuff might still use it
 		else
-			insig[i] = srcinv->getPort("\\A");
+			insig[i] = srcinv->getPort(ID::A);
 	}
 
 	//Cosmetic fixup: If our input is just a scrambled version of one bus, rearrange it
@@ -151,20 +151,20 @@ void demorgan_worker(
 	}
 
 	//Push the new input signal back to the reduction (after bypassing/adding inverters)
-	cell->setPort("\\A", insig);
+	cell->setPort(ID::A, insig);
 
 	//Change the cell type
-	if(cell->type == "$reduce_and")
-		cell->type = "$reduce_or";
-	else if(cell->type == "$reduce_or")
-		cell->type = "$reduce_and";
+	if(cell->type == ID($reduce_and))
+		cell->type = ID($reduce_or);
+	else if(cell->type == ID($reduce_or))
+		cell->type = ID($reduce_and);
 	//don't change XOR
 
 	//Add an inverter to the output
-	auto inverted_output = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	auto inverted_output = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 	auto uninverted_output = m->addWire(NEW_ID);
 	m->addNot(NEW_ID, RTLIL::SigSpec(uninverted_output), inverted_output);
-	cell->setPort("\\Y", uninverted_output);
+	cell->setPort(ID::Y, uninverted_output);
 }
 
 struct OptDemorganPass : public Pass {
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_expr.cc b/passes/opt/opt_expr.cc
index 90bda6bd3..858b3560c 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_expr.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_expr.cc
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ void replace_undriven(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module)
 	}
 
 	for (auto wire : module->wires()) {
-		if (wire->attributes.count("\\init")) {
+		if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(wire);
-			Const initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+			Const initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initval) && i < GetSize(wire); i++) {
 				if (initval[i] == State::S0 || initval[i] == State::S1)
 					initbits[sig[i]] = make_pair(wire, initval[i]);
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ void replace_undriven(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module)
 		}
 		if (wire->port_input)
 			driven_signals.add(sigmap(wire));
-		if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep"))
+		if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep))
 			used_signals.add(sigmap(wire));
 		all_signals.add(sigmap(wire));
 	}
@@ -99,25 +99,26 @@ void replace_undriven(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module)
 
 		for (auto wire : revisit_initwires) {
 			SigSpec sig = sm2(wire);
-			Const initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+			Const initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initval) && i < GetSize(wire); i++) {
 				if (SigBit(initval[i]) == sig[i])
 					initval[i] = State::Sx;
 			}
 			if (initval.is_fully_undef()) {
 				log_debug("Removing init attribute from %s/%s.\n", log_id(module), log_id(wire));
-				wire->attributes.erase("\\init");
+				wire->attributes.erase(ID(init));
 				did_something = true;
-			} else if (initval != wire->attributes.at("\\init")) {
+			} else if (initval != wire->attributes.at(ID(init))) {
 				log_debug("Updating init attribute on %s/%s: %s\n", log_id(module), log_id(wire), log_signal(initval));
-				wire->attributes["\\init"] = initval;
+				wire->attributes[ID(init)] = initval;
 				did_something = true;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-void replace_cell(SigMap &assign_map, RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, std::string info, std::string out_port, RTLIL::SigSpec out_val)
+void replace_cell(SigMap &assign_map, RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell,
+		const std::string &info YS_ATTRIBUTE(unused), IdString out_port, RTLIL::SigSpec out_val)
 {
 	RTLIL::SigSpec Y = cell->getPort(out_port);
 	out_val.extend_u0(Y.size(), false);
@@ -134,14 +135,14 @@ void replace_cell(SigMap &assign_map, RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell,
 
 bool group_cell_inputs(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool commutative, SigMap &sigmap)
 {
-	std::string b_name = cell->hasPort("\\B") ? "\\B" : "\\A";
+	IdString b_name = cell->hasPort(ID::B) ? ID::B : ID::A;
 
-	bool a_signed = cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-	bool b_signed = cell->parameters.at(b_name + "_SIGNED").as_bool();
+	bool a_signed = cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+	bool b_signed = cell->parameters.at(b_name.str() + "_SIGNED").as_bool();
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = sigmap(cell->getPort(b_name));
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 	sig_a.extend_u0(sig_y.size(), a_signed);
 	sig_b.extend_u0(sig_y.size(), b_signed);
@@ -156,10 +157,10 @@ bool group_cell_inputs(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool commutativ
 		int group_idx = GRP_DYN;
 		RTLIL::SigBit bit_a = bits_a[i], bit_b = bits_b[i];
 
-		if (cell->type == "$or" && (bit_a == RTLIL::State::S1 || bit_b == RTLIL::State::S1))
+		if (cell->type == ID($or) && (bit_a == RTLIL::State::S1 || bit_b == RTLIL::State::S1))
 			bit_a = bit_b = RTLIL::State::S1;
 
-		if (cell->type == "$and" && (bit_a == RTLIL::State::S0 || bit_b == RTLIL::State::S0))
+		if (cell->type == ID($and) && (bit_a == RTLIL::State::S0 || bit_b == RTLIL::State::S0))
 			bit_a = bit_b = RTLIL::State::S0;
 
 		if (bit_a.wire == NULL && bit_b.wire == NULL)
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ bool group_cell_inputs(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool commutativ
 			new_b.append_bit(it.first.second);
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$and", "$or") && i == GRP_CONST_A) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($and), ID($or)) && i == GRP_CONST_A) {
 			log_debug("  Direct Connection: %s (%s with %s)\n", log_signal(new_b), log_id(cell->type), log_signal(new_a));
 			module->connect(new_y, new_b);
 			module->connect(new_conn);
@@ -208,24 +209,24 @@ bool group_cell_inputs(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool commutativ
 
 		RTLIL::Cell *c = module->addCell(NEW_ID, cell->type);
 
-		c->setPort("\\A", new_a);
-		c->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = new_a.size();
-		c->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"] = false;
+		c->setPort(ID::A, new_a);
+		c->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = new_a.size();
+		c->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)] = false;
 
-		if (b_name == "\\B") {
-			c->setPort("\\B", new_b);
-			c->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = new_b.size();
-			c->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"] = false;
+		if (b_name == ID::B) {
+			c->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
+			c->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = new_b.size();
+			c->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)] = false;
 		}
 
-		c->setPort("\\Y", new_y);
-		c->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"] = new_y->width;
+		c->setPort(ID::Y, new_y);
+		c->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)] = new_y->width;
 		c->check();
 
 		module->connect(new_conn);
 
 		log_debug("  New cell `%s': A=%s", log_id(c), log_signal(new_a));
-		if (b_name == "\\B")
+		if (b_name == ID::B)
 			log_debug(", B=%s", log_signal(new_b));
 		log_debug("\n");
 	}
@@ -367,12 +368,12 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 
 	for (auto cell : module->cells())
 		if (design->selected(module, cell) && cell->type[0] == '$') {
-			if (cell->type.in("$_NOT_", "$not", "$logic_not") &&
-					cell->getPort("\\A").size() == 1 && cell->getPort("\\Y").size() == 1)
-				invert_map[assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y"))] = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$_MUX_") &&
-					cell->getPort("\\A") == SigSpec(State::S1) && cell->getPort("\\B") == SigSpec(State::S0))
-				invert_map[assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y"))] = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\S"));
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($_NOT_), ID($not), ID($logic_not)) &&
+					cell->getPort(ID::A).size() == 1 && cell->getPort(ID::Y).size() == 1)
+				invert_map[assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y))] = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_)) &&
+					cell->getPort(ID::A) == SigSpec(State::S1) && cell->getPort(ID::B) == SigSpec(State::S0))
+				invert_map[assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y))] = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
 			if (ct_combinational.cell_known(cell->type))
 				for (auto &conn : cell->connections()) {
 					RTLIL::SigSpec sig = assign_map(conn.second);
@@ -396,66 +397,66 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 	for (auto cell : cells.sorted)
 	{
 #define ACTION_DO(_p_, _s_) do { cover("opt.opt_expr.action_" S__LINE__); replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, input.as_string(), _p_, _s_); goto next_cell; } while (0)
-#define ACTION_DO_Y(_v_) ACTION_DO("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::State::S ## _v_))
+#define ACTION_DO_Y(_v_) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::State::S ## _v_))
 
 		if (clkinv)
 		{
-			if (cell->type.in("$dff", "$dffe", "$dffsr", "$adff", "$fsm", "$memrd", "$memwr"))
-				handle_polarity_inv(cell, "\\CLK", "\\CLK_POLARITY", assign_map, invert_map);
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($dff), ID($dffe), ID($dffsr), ID($adff), ID($fsm), ID($memrd), ID($memwr)))
+				handle_polarity_inv(cell, ID(CLK), ID(CLK_POLARITY), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$sr", "$dffsr", "$dlatchsr")) {
-				handle_polarity_inv(cell, "\\SET", "\\SET_POLARITY", assign_map, invert_map);
-				handle_polarity_inv(cell, "\\CLR", "\\CLR_POLARITY", assign_map, invert_map);
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($sr), ID($dffsr), ID($dlatchsr))) {
+				handle_polarity_inv(cell, ID(SET), ID(SET_POLARITY), assign_map, invert_map);
+				handle_polarity_inv(cell, ID(CLR), ID(CLR_POLARITY), assign_map, invert_map);
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$dffe", "$dlatch", "$dlatchsr"))
-				handle_polarity_inv(cell, "\\EN", "\\EN_POLARITY", assign_map, invert_map);
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($dffe), ID($dlatch), ID($dlatchsr)))
+				handle_polarity_inv(cell, ID(EN), ID(EN_POLARITY), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_SR_N?_", "$_SR_P?_", "\\S", assign_map, invert_map);
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_SR_?N_", "$_SR_?P_", "\\R", assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_SR_N?_", "$_SR_P?_", ID(S), assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_SR_?N_", "$_SR_?P_", ID(R), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_", "\\C", assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_", ID(C), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFE_N?_", "$_DFFE_P?_", "\\C", assign_map, invert_map);
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFE_?N_", "$_DFFE_?P_", "\\E", assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFE_N?_", "$_DFFE_P?_", ID(C), assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFE_?N_", "$_DFFE_?P_", ID(E), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFF_N??_", "$_DFF_P??_", "\\C", assign_map, invert_map);
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFF_?N?_", "$_DFF_?P?_", "\\R", assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFF_N??_", "$_DFF_P??_", ID(C), assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFF_?N?_", "$_DFF_?P?_", ID(R), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFSR_N??_", "$_DFFSR_P??_", "\\C", assign_map, invert_map);
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFSR_?N?_", "$_DFFSR_?P?_", "\\S", assign_map, invert_map);
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFSR_??N_", "$_DFFSR_??P_", "\\R", assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFSR_N??_", "$_DFFSR_P??_", ID(C), assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFSR_?N?_", "$_DFFSR_?P?_", ID(S), assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DFFSR_??N_", "$_DFFSR_??P_", ID(R), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCH_N_", "$_DLATCH_P_", "\\E", assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCH_N_", "$_DLATCH_P_", ID(E), assign_map, invert_map);
 
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCHSR_N??_", "$_DLATCHSR_P??_", "\\E", assign_map, invert_map);
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCHSR_?N?_", "$_DLATCHSR_?P?_", "\\S", assign_map, invert_map);
-			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCHSR_??N_", "$_DLATCHSR_??P_", "\\R", assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCHSR_N??_", "$_DLATCHSR_P??_", ID(E), assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCHSR_?N?_", "$_DLATCHSR_?P?_", ID(S), assign_map, invert_map);
+			handle_clkpol_celltype_swap(cell, "$_DLATCHSR_??N_", "$_DLATCHSR_??P_", ID(R), assign_map, invert_map);
 		}
 
 		bool detect_const_and = false;
 		bool detect_const_or = false;
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$reduce_and", "$_AND_"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($reduce_and), ID($_AND_)))
 			detect_const_and = true;
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$and", "$logic_and") && GetSize(cell->getPort("\\A")) == 1 && GetSize(cell->getPort("\\B")) == 1 && !cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool())
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($and), ID($logic_and)) && GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A)) == 1 && GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::B)) == 1 && !cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool())
 			detect_const_and = true;
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$reduce_or", "$reduce_bool", "$_OR_"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_bool), ID($_OR_)))
 			detect_const_or = true;
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$or", "$logic_or") && GetSize(cell->getPort("\\A")) == 1 && GetSize(cell->getPort("\\B")) == 1 && !cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool())
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($or), ID($logic_or)) && GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A)) == 1 && GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::B)) == 1 && !cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool())
 			detect_const_or = true;
 
 		if (detect_const_and || detect_const_or)
 		{
-			pool<SigBit> input_bits = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A")).to_sigbit_pool();
+			pool<SigBit> input_bits = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A)).to_sigbit_pool();
 			bool found_zero = false, found_one = false, found_undef = false, found_inv = false, many_conconst = false;
 			SigBit non_const_input = State::Sm;
 
-			if (cell->hasPort("\\B")) {
-				vector<SigBit> more_bits = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B")).to_sigbit_vector();
+			if (cell->hasPort(ID::B)) {
+				vector<SigBit> more_bits = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B)).to_sigbit_vector();
 				input_bits.insert(more_bits.begin(), more_bits.end());
 			}
 
@@ -478,50 +479,50 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 
 			if (detect_const_and && (found_zero || found_inv)) {
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.const_and");
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "const_and", "\\Y", RTLIL::State::S0);
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "const_and", ID::Y, RTLIL::State::S0);
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 
 			if (detect_const_or && (found_one || found_inv)) {
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.const_or");
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "const_or", "\\Y", RTLIL::State::S1);
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "const_or", ID::Y, RTLIL::State::S1);
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 
 			if (non_const_input != State::Sm && !found_undef) {
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.and_or_buffer");
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "and_or_buffer", "\\Y", non_const_input);
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "and_or_buffer", ID::Y, non_const_input);
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$reduce_and", "$reduce_or", "$reduce_bool", "$reduce_xor", "$reduce_xnor", "$neg") &&
-				GetSize(cell->getPort("\\A")) == 1 && GetSize(cell->getPort("\\Y")) == 1)
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($reduce_and), ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_bool), ID($reduce_xor), ID($reduce_xnor), ID($neg)) &&
+				GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A)) == 1 && GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::Y)) == 1)
 		{
-			if (cell->type == "$reduce_xnor") {
+			if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xnor)) {
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.reduce_xnor_not");
 				log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with $not cell.\n",
 						log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell->name), log_id(module));
-				cell->type = "$not";
+				cell->type = ID($not);
 				did_something = true;
 			} else {
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.unary_buffer");
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "unary_buffer", "\\Y", cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "unary_buffer", ID::Y, cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			}
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
 		if (do_fine)
 		{
-			if (cell->type.in("$not", "$pos", "$and", "$or", "$xor", "$xnor"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($not), ID($pos), ID($and), ID($or), ID($xor), ID($xnor)))
 				if (group_cell_inputs(module, cell, true, assign_map))
 					goto next_cell;
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$logic_not", "$logic_and", "$logic_or", "$reduce_or", "$reduce_and", "$reduce_bool"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($logic_not), ID($logic_and), ID($logic_or), ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_and), ID($reduce_bool)))
 			{
-				SigBit neutral_bit = cell->type == "$reduce_and" ? State::S1 : State::S0;
+				SigBit neutral_bit = cell->type == ID($reduce_and) ? State::S1 : State::S0;
 
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				RTLIL::SigSpec new_sig_a;
 
 				for (auto bit : sig_a)
@@ -534,17 +535,17 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					cover_list("opt.opt_expr.fine.neutral_A", "$logic_not", "$logic_and", "$logic_or", "$reduce_or", "$reduce_and", "$reduce_bool", cell->type.str());
 					log_debug("Replacing port A of %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with shorter expression: %s -> %s\n",
 							cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str(), log_signal(sig_a), log_signal(new_sig_a));
-					cell->setPort("\\A", new_sig_a);
-					cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH") = GetSize(new_sig_a);
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, new_sig_a);
+					cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)) = GetSize(new_sig_a);
 					did_something = true;
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$logic_and", "$logic_or"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($logic_and), ID($logic_or)))
 			{
 				SigBit neutral_bit = State::S0;
 
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 				RTLIL::SigSpec new_sig_b;
 
 				for (auto bit : sig_b)
@@ -557,15 +558,15 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					cover_list("opt.opt_expr.fine.neutral_B", "$logic_and", "$logic_or", cell->type.str());
 					log_debug("Replacing port B of %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with shorter expression: %s -> %s\n",
 							cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str(), log_signal(sig_b), log_signal(new_sig_b));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", new_sig_b);
-					cell->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH") = GetSize(new_sig_b);
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, new_sig_b);
+					cell->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)) = GetSize(new_sig_b);
 					did_something = true;
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type == "$reduce_and")
+			if (cell->type == ID($reduce_and))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 
 				RTLIL::State new_a = RTLIL::State::S1;
 				for (auto &bit : sig_a.to_sigbit_vector())
@@ -583,15 +584,15 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					cover("opt.opt_expr.fine.$reduce_and");
 					log_debug("Replacing port A of %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with constant driver: %s -> %s\n",
 							cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str(), log_signal(sig_a), log_signal(new_a));
-					cell->setPort("\\A", sig_a = new_a);
-					cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH") = 1;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, sig_a = new_a);
+					cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)) = 1;
 					did_something = true;
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$logic_not", "$logic_and", "$logic_or", "$reduce_or", "$reduce_bool"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($logic_not), ID($logic_and), ID($logic_or), ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_bool)))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 
 				RTLIL::State new_a = RTLIL::State::S0;
 				for (auto &bit : sig_a.to_sigbit_vector())
@@ -609,15 +610,15 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					cover_list("opt.opt_expr.fine.A", "$logic_not", "$logic_and", "$logic_or", "$reduce_or", "$reduce_bool", cell->type.str());
 					log_debug("Replacing port A of %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with constant driver: %s -> %s\n",
 							cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str(), log_signal(sig_a), log_signal(new_a));
-					cell->setPort("\\A", sig_a = new_a);
-					cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH") = 1;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, sig_a = new_a);
+					cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)) = 1;
 					did_something = true;
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$logic_and", "$logic_or"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($logic_and), ID($logic_or)))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
 				RTLIL::State new_b = RTLIL::State::S0;
 				for (auto &bit : sig_b.to_sigbit_vector())
@@ -635,18 +636,18 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					cover_list("opt.opt_expr.fine.B", "$logic_and", "$logic_or", cell->type.str());
 					log_debug("Replacing port B of %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with constant driver: %s -> %s\n",
 							cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str(), log_signal(sig_b), log_signal(new_b));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", sig_b = new_b);
-					cell->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH") = 1;
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, sig_b = new_b);
+					cell->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)) = 1;
 					did_something = true;
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$add", "$sub"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($add), ID($sub)))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
-				bool sub = cell->type == "$sub";
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
+				bool sub = cell->type == ID($sub);
 
 				int i;
 				for (i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++) {
@@ -659,9 +660,9 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 				}
 				if (i > 0) {
 					cover_list("opt.opt_expr.fine", "$add", "$sub", cell->type.str());
-					cell->setPort("\\A", sig_a.extract_end(i));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", sig_b.extract_end(i));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", sig_y.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, sig_a.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, sig_b.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y.extract_end(i));
 					cell->fixup_parameters();
 					did_something = true;
 				}
@@ -669,13 +670,13 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 
 			if (cell->type == "$alu")
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-				RTLIL::SigBit sig_ci = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\CI"));
-				RTLIL::SigBit sig_bi = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\BI"));
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_x = cell->getPort("\\X");
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_co = cell->getPort("\\CO");
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+				RTLIL::SigBit sig_ci = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(CI)));
+				RTLIL::SigBit sig_bi = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(BI)));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_x = cell->getPort(ID(X));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_co = cell->getPort(ID(CO));
 
 				if (sig_ci.wire || sig_bi.wire)
 					goto next_cell;
@@ -704,24 +705,24 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 				}
 				if (i > 0) {
 					cover("opt.opt_expr.fine.$alu");
-					cell->setPort("\\A", sig_a.extract_end(i));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", sig_b.extract_end(i));
-					cell->setPort("\\X", sig_x.extract_end(i));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", sig_y.extract_end(i));
-					cell->setPort("\\CO", sig_co.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, sig_a.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, sig_b.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID(X), sig_x.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y.extract_end(i));
+					cell->setPort(ID(CO), sig_co.extract_end(i));
 					cell->fixup_parameters();
 					did_something = true;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$reduce_xor", "$reduce_xnor", "$shift", "$shiftx", "$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr",
-					"$lt", "$le", "$ge", "$gt", "$neg", "$add", "$sub", "$mul", "$div", "$mod", "$pow"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($reduce_xor), ID($reduce_xnor), ID($shift), ID($shiftx), ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr),
+					ID($lt), ID($le), ID($ge), ID($gt), ID($neg), ID($add), ID($sub), ID($mul), ID($div), ID($mod), ID($pow)))
 		{
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->hasPort("\\B") ? assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B")) : RTLIL::SigSpec();
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->hasPort(ID::B) ? assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B)) : RTLIL::SigSpec();
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr", "$shift", "$shiftx"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr), ID($shift), ID($shiftx)))
 				sig_a = RTLIL::SigSpec();
 
 			for (auto &bit : sig_a.to_sigbit_vector())
@@ -736,44 +737,44 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 		found_the_x_bit:
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.xbit", "$reduce_xor", "$reduce_xnor", "$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr", "$shift", "$shiftx",
 						"$lt", "$le", "$ge", "$gt", "$neg", "$add", "$sub", "$mul", "$div", "$mod", "$pow", cell->type.str());
-				if (cell->type.in("$reduce_xor", "$reduce_xnor", "$lt", "$le", "$ge", "$gt"))
-					replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "x-bit in input", "\\Y", RTLIL::State::Sx);
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($reduce_xor), ID($reduce_xnor), ID($lt), ID($le), ID($ge), ID($gt)))
+					replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "x-bit in input", ID::Y, RTLIL::State::Sx);
 				else
-					replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "x-bit in input", "\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::State::Sx, cell->getPort("\\Y").size()));
+					replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "x-bit in input", ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::State::Sx, cell->getPort(ID::Y).size()));
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$_NOT_", "$not", "$logic_not") && cell->getPort("\\Y").size() == 1 &&
-				invert_map.count(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"))) != 0) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($_NOT_), ID($not), ID($logic_not)) && cell->getPort(ID::Y).size() == 1 &&
+				invert_map.count(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A))) != 0) {
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.invert.double", "$_NOT_", "$not", "$logic_not", cell->type.str());
-			replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "double_invert", "\\Y", invert_map.at(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"))));
+			replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "double_invert", ID::Y, invert_map.at(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A))));
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$_MUX_", "$mux") && invert_map.count(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\S"))) != 0) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($_MUX_), ID($mux)) && invert_map.count(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(S)))) != 0) {
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.invert.muxsel", "$_MUX_", "$mux", cell->type.str());
 			log_debug("Optimizing away select inverter for %s cell `%s' in module `%s'.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = cell->getPort("\\A");
-			cell->setPort("\\A", cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			cell->setPort("\\B", tmp);
-			cell->setPort("\\S", invert_map.at(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\S"))));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, tmp);
+			cell->setPort(ID(S), invert_map.at(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(S)))));
 			did_something = true;
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type == "$_NOT_") {
-			RTLIL::SigSpec input = cell->getPort("\\A");
+		if (cell->type == ID($_NOT_)) {
+			RTLIL::SigSpec input = cell->getPort(ID::A);
 			assign_map.apply(input);
 			if (input.match("1")) ACTION_DO_Y(0);
 			if (input.match("0")) ACTION_DO_Y(1);
 			if (input.match("*")) ACTION_DO_Y(x);
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type == "$_AND_") {
+		if (cell->type == ID($_AND_)) {
 			RTLIL::SigSpec input;
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			assign_map.apply(input);
 			if (input.match(" 0")) ACTION_DO_Y(0);
 			if (input.match("0 ")) ACTION_DO_Y(0);
@@ -785,14 +786,14 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 				if (input.match(" *")) ACTION_DO_Y(0);
 				if (input.match("* ")) ACTION_DO_Y(0);
 			}
-			if (input.match(" 1")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(1, 1));
-			if (input.match("1 ")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(0, 1));
+			if (input.match(" 1")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(1, 1));
+			if (input.match("1 ")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(0, 1));
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type == "$_OR_") {
+		if (cell->type == ID($_OR_)) {
 			RTLIL::SigSpec input;
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			assign_map.apply(input);
 			if (input.match(" 1")) ACTION_DO_Y(1);
 			if (input.match("1 ")) ACTION_DO_Y(1);
@@ -804,14 +805,14 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 				if (input.match(" *")) ACTION_DO_Y(1);
 				if (input.match("* ")) ACTION_DO_Y(1);
 			}
-			if (input.match(" 0")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(1, 1));
-			if (input.match("0 ")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(0, 1));
+			if (input.match(" 0")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(1, 1));
+			if (input.match("0 ")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(0, 1));
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type == "$_XOR_") {
+		if (cell->type == ID($_XOR_)) {
 			RTLIL::SigSpec input;
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			assign_map.apply(input);
 			if (input.match("00")) ACTION_DO_Y(0);
 			if (input.match("01")) ACTION_DO_Y(1);
@@ -819,27 +820,27 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			if (input.match("11")) ACTION_DO_Y(0);
 			if (input.match(" *")) ACTION_DO_Y(x);
 			if (input.match("* ")) ACTION_DO_Y(x);
-			if (input.match(" 0")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(1, 1));
-			if (input.match("0 ")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(0, 1));
+			if (input.match(" 0")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(1, 1));
+			if (input.match("0 ")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(0, 1));
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type == "$_MUX_") {
+		if (cell->type == ID($_MUX_)) {
 			RTLIL::SigSpec input;
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\S"));
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			input.append(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			input.append(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			assign_map.apply(input);
 			if (input.extract(2, 1) == input.extract(1, 1))
-				ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(2, 1));
-			if (input.match("  0")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(2, 1));
-			if (input.match("  1")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(1, 1));
-			if (input.match("01 ")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(0, 1));
+				ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(2, 1));
+			if (input.match("  0")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(2, 1));
+			if (input.match("  1")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(1, 1));
+			if (input.match("01 ")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(0, 1));
 			if (input.match("10 ")) {
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.mux_to_inv");
-				cell->type = "$_NOT_";
-				cell->setPort("\\A", input.extract(0, 1));
-				cell->unsetPort("\\B");
-				cell->unsetPort("\\S");
+				cell->type = ID($_NOT_);
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, input.extract(0, 1));
+				cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
+				cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 			if (input.match("11 ")) ACTION_DO_Y(1);
@@ -848,38 +849,38 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			if (input.match("01*")) ACTION_DO_Y(x);
 			if (input.match("10*")) ACTION_DO_Y(x);
 			if (mux_undef) {
-				if (input.match("*  ")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(1, 1));
-				if (input.match(" * ")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(2, 1));
-				if (input.match("  *")) ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.extract(2, 1));
+				if (input.match("*  ")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(1, 1));
+				if (input.match(" * ")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(2, 1));
+				if (input.match("  *")) ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.extract(2, 1));
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$_TBUF_", "$tribuf")) {
-			RTLIL::SigSpec input = cell->getPort(cell->type == "$_TBUF_" ? "\\E" : "\\EN");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort("\\A");
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($_TBUF_), ID($tribuf))) {
+			RTLIL::SigSpec input = cell->getPort(cell->type == ID($_TBUF_) ? ID(E) : ID(EN));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
 			assign_map.apply(input);
 			assign_map.apply(a);
 			if (input == State::S1)
-				ACTION_DO("\\Y", cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				ACTION_DO(ID::Y, cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			if (input == State::S0 && !a.is_fully_undef()) {
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.action_" S__LINE__);
 				log_debug("Replacing data input of %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with constant undef.\n",
 					cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str());
-				cell->setPort("\\A", SigSpec(State::Sx, GetSize(a)));
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, SigSpec(State::Sx, GetSize(a)));
 				did_something = true;
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$eq", "$ne", "$eqx", "$nex"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($ne), ID($eqx), ID($nex)))
 		{
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec b = cell->getPort("\\B");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
 
-			if (cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"].as_int() != cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"].as_int()) {
-				int width = max(cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"].as_int(), cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"].as_int());
-				a.extend_u0(width, cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"].as_bool() && cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"].as_bool());
-				b.extend_u0(width, cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"].as_bool() && cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"].as_bool());
+			if (cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)].as_int() != cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)].as_int()) {
+				int width = max(cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)].as_int(), cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)].as_int());
+				a.extend_u0(width, cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)].as_bool() && cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)].as_bool());
+				b.extend_u0(width, cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)].as_bool() && cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)].as_bool());
 			}
 
 			RTLIL::SigSpec new_a, new_b;
@@ -888,9 +889,9 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(a); i++) {
 				if (a[i].wire == NULL && b[i].wire == NULL && a[i] != b[i] && a[i].data <= RTLIL::State::S1 && b[i].data <= RTLIL::State::S1) {
 					cover_list("opt.opt_expr.eqneq.isneq", "$eq", "$ne", "$eqx", "$nex", cell->type.str());
-					RTLIL::SigSpec new_y = RTLIL::SigSpec(cell->type.in("$eq", "$eqx") ?  RTLIL::State::S0 : RTLIL::State::S1);
-					new_y.extend_u0(cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"].as_int(), false);
-					replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "isneq", "\\Y", new_y);
+					RTLIL::SigSpec new_y = RTLIL::SigSpec(cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($eqx)) ?  RTLIL::State::S0 : RTLIL::State::S1);
+					new_y.extend_u0(cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)].as_int(), false);
+					replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "isneq", ID::Y, new_y);
 					goto next_cell;
 				}
 				if (a[i] == b[i])
@@ -901,83 +902,83 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 
 			if (new_a.size() == 0) {
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.eqneq.empty", "$eq", "$ne", "$eqx", "$nex", cell->type.str());
-				RTLIL::SigSpec new_y = RTLIL::SigSpec(cell->type.in("$eq", "$eqx") ?  RTLIL::State::S1 : RTLIL::State::S0);
-				new_y.extend_u0(cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"].as_int(), false);
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "empty", "\\Y", new_y);
+				RTLIL::SigSpec new_y = RTLIL::SigSpec(cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($eqx)) ?  RTLIL::State::S1 : RTLIL::State::S0);
+				new_y.extend_u0(cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)].as_int(), false);
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "empty", ID::Y, new_y);
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 
 			if (new_a.size() < a.size() || new_b.size() < b.size()) {
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.eqneq.resize", "$eq", "$ne", "$eqx", "$nex", cell->type.str());
-				cell->setPort("\\A", new_a);
-				cell->setPort("\\B", new_b);
-				cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = new_a.size();
-				cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = new_b.size();
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, new_a);
+				cell->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = new_a.size();
+				cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = new_b.size();
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$eq", "$ne") && cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"].as_int() == 1 &&
-				cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"].as_int() == 1 && cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"].as_int() == 1)
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($ne)) && cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)].as_int() == 1 &&
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)].as_int() == 1 && cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)].as_int() == 1)
 		{
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
 			if (a.is_fully_const() && !b.is_fully_const()) {
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.eqneq.swapconst", "$eq", "$ne", cell->type.str());
-				cell->setPort("\\A", b);
-				cell->setPort("\\B", a);
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, b);
+				cell->setPort(ID::B, a);
 				std::swap(a, b);
 			}
 
 			if (b.is_fully_const()) {
-				if (b.as_bool() == (cell->type == "$eq")) {
+				if (b.as_bool() == (cell->type == ID($eq))) {
 					RTLIL::SigSpec input = b;
-					ACTION_DO("\\Y", cell->getPort("\\A"));
+					ACTION_DO(ID::Y, cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				} else {
 					cover_list("opt.opt_expr.eqneq.isnot", "$eq", "$ne", cell->type.str());
 					log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with inverter.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
-					cell->type = "$not";
-					cell->parameters.erase("\\B_WIDTH");
-					cell->parameters.erase("\\B_SIGNED");
-					cell->unsetPort("\\B");
+					cell->type = ID($not);
+					cell->parameters.erase(ID(B_WIDTH));
+					cell->parameters.erase(ID(B_SIGNED));
+					cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
 					did_something = true;
 				}
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$eq", "$ne") &&
-				(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A")).is_fully_zero() || assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B")).is_fully_zero()))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($ne)) &&
+				(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A)).is_fully_zero() || assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B)).is_fully_zero()))
 		{
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.eqneq.cmpzero", "$eq", "$ne", cell->type.str());
 			log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with %s.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell),
 					log_id(module), "$eq" ? "$logic_not" : "$reduce_bool");
-			cell->type = cell->type == "$eq" ? "$logic_not" : "$reduce_bool";
-			if (assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A")).is_fully_zero()) {
-				cell->setPort("\\A", cell->getPort("\\B"));
-				cell->setParam("\\A_SIGNED", cell->getParam("\\B_SIGNED"));
-				cell->setParam("\\A_WIDTH", cell->getParam("\\B_WIDTH"));
+			cell->type = cell->type == ID($eq) ? ID($logic_not) : ID($reduce_bool);
+			if (assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A)).is_fully_zero()) {
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, cell->getPort(ID::B));
+				cell->setParam(ID(A_SIGNED), cell->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)));
+				cell->setParam(ID(A_WIDTH), cell->getParam(ID(B_WIDTH)));
 			}
-			cell->unsetPort("\\B");
-			cell->unsetParam("\\B_SIGNED");
-			cell->unsetParam("\\B_WIDTH");
+			cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
+			cell->unsetParam(ID(B_SIGNED));
+			cell->unsetParam(ID(B_WIDTH));
 			did_something = true;
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr", "$shift", "$shiftx") && assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B")).is_fully_const())
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr), ID($shift), ID($shiftx)) && assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B)).is_fully_const())
 		{
-			bool sign_ext = cell->type == "$sshr" && cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-			int shift_bits = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B")).as_int(cell->type.in("$shift", "$shiftx") && cell->getParam("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool());
+			bool sign_ext = cell->type == ID($sshr) && cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+			int shift_bits = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B)).as_int(cell->type.in(ID($shift), ID($shiftx)) && cell->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool());
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$shl", "$sshl"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($shl), ID($sshl)))
 				shift_bits *= -1;
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y(cell->type == "$shiftx" ? RTLIL::State::Sx : RTLIL::State::S0, cell->getParam("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int());
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y(cell->type == ID($shiftx) ? RTLIL::State::Sx : RTLIL::State::S0, cell->getParam(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int());
 
 			if (GetSize(sig_a) < GetSize(sig_y))
-				sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool());
+				sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool());
 
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++) {
 				int idx = i + shift_bits;
@@ -990,9 +991,9 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.constshift", "$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr", "$shift", "$shiftx", cell->type.str());
 
 			log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' (B=%s, SHR=%d) in module `%s' with fixed wiring: %s\n",
-					log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_signal(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"))), shift_bits, log_id(module), log_signal(sig_y));
+					log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_signal(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B))), shift_bits, log_id(module), log_signal(sig_y));
 
-			module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), sig_y);
+			module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), sig_y);
 			module->remove(cell);
 
 			did_something = true;
@@ -1005,41 +1006,41 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			bool identity_wrt_b = false;
 			bool arith_inverse = false;
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$add", "$sub", "$or", "$xor"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($add), ID($sub), ID($or), ID($xor)))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
-				if (cell->type != "$sub" && a.is_fully_const() && a.as_bool() == false)
+				if (cell->type != ID($sub) && a.is_fully_const() && a.as_bool() == false)
 					identity_wrt_b = true;
 
 				if (b.is_fully_const() && b.as_bool() == false)
 					identity_wrt_a = true;
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr", "$shift", "$shiftx"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr), ID($shift), ID($shiftx)))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
 				if (b.is_fully_const() && b.as_bool() == false)
 					identity_wrt_a = true;
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type == "$mul")
+			if (cell->type == ID($mul))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
-				if (a.is_fully_const() && is_one_or_minus_one(a.as_const(), cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool(), arith_inverse))
+				if (a.is_fully_const() && is_one_or_minus_one(a.as_const(), cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool(), arith_inverse))
 					identity_wrt_b = true;
 				else
-				if (b.is_fully_const() && is_one_or_minus_one(b.as_const(), cell->getParam("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool(), arith_inverse))
+				if (b.is_fully_const() && is_one_or_minus_one(b.as_const(), cell->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool(), arith_inverse))
 					identity_wrt_a = true;
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type == "$div")
+			if (cell->type == ID($div))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
 				if (b.is_fully_const() && b.size() <= 32 && b.as_int() == 1)
 					identity_wrt_a = true;
@@ -1056,15 +1057,15 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str(), identity_wrt_a ? 'A' : 'B');
 
 				if (!identity_wrt_a) {
-					cell->setPort("\\A", cell->getPort("\\B"));
-					cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH") = cell->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH");
-					cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED") = cell->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED");
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, cell->getPort(ID::B));
+					cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)) = cell->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH));
+					cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)) = cell->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED));
 				}
 
-				cell->type = arith_inverse ? "$neg" : "$pos";
-				cell->unsetPort("\\B");
-				cell->parameters.erase("\\B_WIDTH");
-				cell->parameters.erase("\\B_SIGNED");
+				cell->type = arith_inverse ? ID($neg) : ID($pos);
+				cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
+				cell->parameters.erase(ID(B_WIDTH));
+				cell->parameters.erase(ID(B_SIGNED));
 				cell->check();
 
 				did_something = true;
@@ -1072,91 +1073,91 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (mux_bool && cell->type.in("$mux", "$_MUX_") &&
-				cell->getPort("\\A") == State::S0 && cell->getPort("\\B") == State::S1) {
+		if (mux_bool && cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_)) &&
+				cell->getPort(ID::A) == State::S0 && cell->getPort(ID::B) == State::S1) {
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_bool", "$mux", "$_MUX_", cell->type.str());
-			replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_bool", "\\Y", cell->getPort("\\S"));
+			replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_bool", ID::Y, cell->getPort(ID(S)));
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
-		if (mux_bool && cell->type.in("$mux", "$_MUX_") &&
-				cell->getPort("\\A") == State::S1 && cell->getPort("\\B") == State::S0) {
+		if (mux_bool && cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_)) &&
+				cell->getPort(ID::A) == State::S1 && cell->getPort(ID::B) == State::S0) {
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_invert", "$mux", "$_MUX_", cell->type.str());
 			log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with inverter.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
-			cell->setPort("\\A", cell->getPort("\\S"));
-			cell->unsetPort("\\B");
-			cell->unsetPort("\\S");
-			if (cell->type == "$mux") {
-				Const width = cell->parameters["\\WIDTH"];
-				cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"] = 0;
-				cell->parameters.erase("\\WIDTH");
-				cell->type = "$not";
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
+			if (cell->type == ID($mux)) {
+				Const width = cell->parameters[ID(WIDTH)];
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)] = 0;
+				cell->parameters.erase(ID(WIDTH));
+				cell->type = ID($not);
 			} else
-				cell->type = "$_NOT_";
+				cell->type = ID($_NOT_);
 			did_something = true;
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
-		if (consume_x && mux_bool && cell->type.in("$mux", "$_MUX_") && cell->getPort("\\A") == State::S0) {
+		if (consume_x && mux_bool && cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_)) && cell->getPort(ID::A) == State::S0) {
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_and", "$mux", "$_MUX_", cell->type.str());
 			log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with and-gate.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
-			cell->setPort("\\A", cell->getPort("\\S"));
-			cell->unsetPort("\\S");
-			if (cell->type == "$mux") {
-				Const width = cell->parameters["\\WIDTH"];
-				cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"] = 0;
-				cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"] = 0;
-				cell->parameters.erase("\\WIDTH");
-				cell->type = "$and";
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
+			if (cell->type == ID($mux)) {
+				Const width = cell->parameters[ID(WIDTH)];
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)] = 0;
+				cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)] = 0;
+				cell->parameters.erase(ID(WIDTH));
+				cell->type = ID($and);
 			} else
-				cell->type = "$_AND_";
+				cell->type = ID($_AND_);
 			did_something = true;
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
-		if (consume_x && mux_bool && cell->type.in("$mux", "$_MUX_") && cell->getPort("\\B") == State::S1) {
+		if (consume_x && mux_bool && cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_)) && cell->getPort(ID::B) == State::S1) {
 			cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_or", "$mux", "$_MUX_", cell->type.str());
 			log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' in module `%s' with or-gate.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
-			cell->setPort("\\B", cell->getPort("\\S"));
-			cell->unsetPort("\\S");
-			if (cell->type == "$mux") {
-				Const width = cell->parameters["\\WIDTH"];
-				cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"] = width;
-				cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"] = 0;
-				cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"] = 0;
-				cell->parameters.erase("\\WIDTH");
-				cell->type = "$or";
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
+			if (cell->type == ID($mux)) {
+				Const width = cell->parameters[ID(WIDTH)];
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)] = width;
+				cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)] = 0;
+				cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)] = 0;
+				cell->parameters.erase(ID(WIDTH));
+				cell->type = ID($or);
 			} else
-				cell->type = "$_OR_";
+				cell->type = ID($_OR_);
 			did_something = true;
 			goto next_cell;
 		}
 
-		if (mux_undef && cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux")) {
+		if (mux_undef && cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux))) {
 			RTLIL::SigSpec new_a, new_b, new_s;
-			int width = cell->getPort("\\A").size();
-			if ((cell->getPort("\\A").is_fully_undef() && cell->getPort("\\B").is_fully_undef()) ||
-					cell->getPort("\\S").is_fully_undef()) {
+			int width = cell->getPort(ID::A).size();
+			if ((cell->getPort(ID::A).is_fully_undef() && cell->getPort(ID::B).is_fully_undef()) ||
+					cell->getPort(ID(S)).is_fully_undef()) {
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_undef", "$mux", "$pmux", cell->type.str());
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_undef", "\\Y", cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_undef", ID::Y, cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
-			for (int i = 0; i < cell->getPort("\\S").size(); i++) {
-				RTLIL::SigSpec old_b = cell->getPort("\\B").extract(i*width, width);
-				RTLIL::SigSpec old_s = cell->getPort("\\S").extract(i, 1);
+			for (int i = 0; i < cell->getPort(ID(S)).size(); i++) {
+				RTLIL::SigSpec old_b = cell->getPort(ID::B).extract(i*width, width);
+				RTLIL::SigSpec old_s = cell->getPort(ID(S)).extract(i, 1);
 				if (old_b.is_fully_undef() || old_s.is_fully_undef())
 					continue;
 				new_b.append(old_b);
 				new_s.append(old_s);
 			}
-			new_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
+			new_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
 			if (new_a.is_fully_undef() && new_s.size() > 0) {
 				new_a = new_b.extract((new_s.size()-1)*width, width);
 				new_b = new_b.extract(0, (new_s.size()-1)*width);
@@ -1164,27 +1165,27 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			}
 			if (new_s.size() == 0) {
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_empty", "$mux", "$pmux", cell->type.str());
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_empty", "\\Y", new_a);
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_empty", ID::Y, new_a);
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
 			if (new_a == RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::State::S0) && new_b == RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::State::S1)) {
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_sel01", "$mux", "$pmux", cell->type.str());
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_sel01", "\\Y", new_s);
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, "mux_sel01", ID::Y, new_s);
 				goto next_cell;
 			}
-			if (cell->getPort("\\S").size() != new_s.size()) {
+			if (cell->getPort(ID(S)).size() != new_s.size()) {
 				cover_list("opt.opt_expr.mux_reduce", "$mux", "$pmux", cell->type.str());
 				log_debug("Optimized away %d select inputs of %s cell `%s' in module `%s'.\n",
-						GetSize(cell->getPort("\\S")) - GetSize(new_s), log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
-				cell->setPort("\\A", new_a);
-				cell->setPort("\\B", new_b);
-				cell->setPort("\\S", new_s);
+						GetSize(cell->getPort(ID(S))) - GetSize(new_s), log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, new_a);
+				cell->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
+				cell->setPort(ID(S), new_s);
 				if (new_s.size() > 1) {
-					cell->type = "$pmux";
-					cell->parameters["\\S_WIDTH"] = new_s.size();
+					cell->type = ID($pmux);
+					cell->parameters[ID(S_WIDTH)] = new_s.size();
 				} else {
-					cell->type = "$mux";
-					cell->parameters.erase("\\S_WIDTH");
+					cell->type = ID($mux);
+					cell->parameters.erase(ID(S_WIDTH));
 				}
 				did_something = true;
 			}
@@ -1192,30 +1193,30 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 
 #define FOLD_1ARG_CELL(_t) \
 		if (cell->type == "$" #_t) { \
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort("\\A"); \
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort(ID::A); \
 			assign_map.apply(a); \
 			if (a.is_fully_const()) { \
 				RTLIL::Const dummy_arg(RTLIL::State::S0, 1); \
 				RTLIL::SigSpec y(RTLIL::const_ ## _t(a.as_const(), dummy_arg, \
-						cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"].as_bool(), false, \
-						cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"].as_int())); \
+						cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)].as_bool(), false, \
+						cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)].as_int())); \
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.const.$" #_t); \
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, stringf("%s", log_signal(a)), "\\Y", y); \
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, stringf("%s", log_signal(a)), ID::Y, y); \
 				goto next_cell; \
 			} \
 		}
 #define FOLD_2ARG_CELL(_t) \
 		if (cell->type == "$" #_t) { \
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort("\\A"); \
-			RTLIL::SigSpec b = cell->getPort("\\B"); \
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a = cell->getPort(ID::A); \
+			RTLIL::SigSpec b = cell->getPort(ID::B); \
 			assign_map.apply(a), assign_map.apply(b); \
 			if (a.is_fully_const() && b.is_fully_const()) { \
 				RTLIL::SigSpec y(RTLIL::const_ ## _t(a.as_const(), b.as_const(), \
-						cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"].as_bool(), \
-						cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"].as_bool(), \
-						cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"].as_int())); \
+						cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)].as_bool(), \
+						cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)].as_bool(), \
+						cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)].as_int())); \
 				cover("opt.opt_expr.const.$" #_t); \
-				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, stringf("%s, %s", log_signal(a), log_signal(b)), "\\Y", y); \
+				replace_cell(assign_map, module, cell, stringf("%s, %s", log_signal(a), log_signal(b)), ID::Y, y); \
 				goto next_cell; \
 			} \
 		}
@@ -1261,25 +1262,25 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 		FOLD_1ARG_CELL(neg)
 
 		// be very conservative with optimizing $mux cells as we do not want to break mux trees
-		if (cell->type == "$mux") {
-			RTLIL::SigSpec input = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\S"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec inA = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec inB = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+		if (cell->type == ID($mux)) {
+			RTLIL::SigSpec input = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec inA = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec inB = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 			if (input.is_fully_const())
-				ACTION_DO("\\Y", input.as_bool() ? cell->getPort("\\B") : cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				ACTION_DO(ID::Y, input.as_bool() ? cell->getPort(ID::B) : cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			else if (inA == inB)
-				ACTION_DO("\\Y", cell->getPort("\\A"));
+				ACTION_DO(ID::Y, cell->getPort(ID::A));
 		}
 
-		if (!keepdc && cell->type == "$mul")
+		if (!keepdc && cell->type == ID($mul))
 		{
-			bool a_signed = cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"].as_bool();
-			bool b_signed = cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"].as_bool();
+			bool a_signed = cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)].as_bool();
+			bool b_signed = cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)].as_bool();
 			bool swapped_ab = false;
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 			if (sig_b.is_fully_const() && sig_b.size() <= 32)
 				std::swap(sig_a, sig_b), std::swap(a_signed, b_signed), swapped_ab = true;
@@ -1314,9 +1315,9 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 								a_val, cell->name.c_str(), module->name.c_str(), i);
 
 						if (!swapped_ab) {
-							cell->setPort("\\A", cell->getPort("\\B"));
-							cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH") = cell->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH");
-							cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED") = cell->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED");
+							cell->setPort(ID::A, cell->getPort(ID::B));
+							cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)) = cell->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH));
+							cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)) = cell->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED));
 						}
 
 						std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> new_b = RTLIL::SigSpec(i, 6);
@@ -1324,10 +1325,10 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 						while (GetSize(new_b) > 1 && new_b.back() == RTLIL::State::S0)
 							new_b.pop_back();
 
-						cell->type = "$shl";
-						cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = GetSize(new_b);
-						cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"] = false;
-						cell->setPort("\\B", new_b);
+						cell->type = ID($shl);
+						cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = GetSize(new_b);
+						cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)] = false;
+						cell->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
 						cell->check();
 
 						did_something = true;
@@ -1336,11 +1337,11 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (!keepdc && cell->type.in("$div", "$mod"))
+		if (!keepdc && cell->type.in(ID($div), ID($mod)))
 		{
-			bool b_signed = cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"].as_bool();
-			SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			SigSpec sig_y = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			bool b_signed = cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)].as_bool();
+			SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			SigSpec sig_y = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 			if (sig_b.is_fully_def() && sig_b.size() <= 32)
 			{
@@ -1363,7 +1364,7 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 				for (int i = 1; i < (b_signed ? sig_b.size()-1 : sig_b.size()); i++)
 					if (b_val == (1 << i))
 					{
-						if (cell->type == "$div")
+						if (cell->type == ID($div))
 						{
 							cover("opt.opt_expr.div_shift");
 
@@ -1375,10 +1376,10 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 							while (GetSize(new_b) > 1 && new_b.back() == RTLIL::State::S0)
 								new_b.pop_back();
 
-							cell->type = "$shr";
-							cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = GetSize(new_b);
-							cell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"] = false;
-							cell->setPort("\\B", new_b);
+							cell->type = ID($shr);
+							cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = GetSize(new_b);
+							cell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)] = false;
+							cell->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
 							cell->check();
 						}
 						else
@@ -1393,9 +1394,9 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 							if (b_signed)
 								new_b.push_back(State::S0);
 
-							cell->type = "$and";
-							cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = GetSize(new_b);
-							cell->setPort("\\B", new_b);
+							cell->type = ID($and);
+							cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = GetSize(new_b);
+							cell->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
 							cell->check();
 						}
 
@@ -1407,7 +1408,7 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 
 		// remove redundant pairs of bits in ==, ===, !=, and !==
 		// replace cell with const driver if inputs can't be equal
-		if (do_fine && cell->type.in("$eq", "$ne", "$eqx", "$nex"))
+		if (do_fine && cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($ne), ID($eqx), ID($nex)))
 		{
 			pool<pair<SigBit, SigBit>> redundant_cache;
 			mfp<SigBit> contradiction_cache;
@@ -1415,14 +1416,14 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 			contradiction_cache.promote(State::S0);
 			contradiction_cache.promote(State::S1);
 
-			int a_width = cell->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-			int b_width = cell->getParam("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
+			int a_width = cell->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+			int b_width = cell->getParam(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
-			bool is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
+			bool is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 			int width = is_signed ? std::min(a_width, b_width) : std::max(a_width, b_width);
 
-			SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-			SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
+			SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+			SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
 
 			int redundant_bits = 0;
 
@@ -1452,8 +1453,8 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 
 			if (contradiction_cache.find(State::S0) == contradiction_cache.find(State::S1))
 			{
-				SigSpec y_sig = cell->getPort("\\Y");
-				Const y_value(cell->type.in("$eq", "$eqx") ? 0 : 1, GetSize(y_sig));
+				SigSpec y_sig = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
+				Const y_value(cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($eqx)) ? 0 : 1, GetSize(y_sig));
 
 				log_debug("Replacing cell `%s' in module `%s' with constant driver %s.\n",
 					log_id(cell), log_id(module), log_signal(y_value));
@@ -1470,10 +1471,10 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 				log_debug("Removed %d redundant input bits from %s cell `%s' in module `%s'.\n",
 						redundant_bits, log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(module));
 
-				cell->setPort("\\A", sig_a);
-				cell->setPort("\\B", sig_b);
-				cell->setParam("\\A_WIDTH", GetSize(sig_a));
-				cell->setParam("\\B_WIDTH", GetSize(sig_b));
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, sig_a);
+				cell->setPort(ID::B, sig_b);
+				cell->setParam(ID(A_WIDTH), GetSize(sig_a));
+				cell->setParam(ID(B_WIDTH), GetSize(sig_b));
 
 				did_something = true;
 				goto next_cell;
@@ -1481,57 +1482,57 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 		}
 
 		// simplify comparisons
-		if (do_fine && cell->type.in("$lt", "$ge", "$gt", "$le"))
+		if (do_fine && cell->type.in(ID($lt), ID($ge), ID($gt), ID($le)))
 		{
 			IdString cmp_type = cell->type;
-			SigSpec var_sig = cell->getPort("\\A");
-			SigSpec const_sig = cell->getPort("\\B");
-			int var_width = cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"].as_int();
-			int const_width = cell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"].as_int();
-			bool is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
+			SigSpec var_sig = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+			SigSpec const_sig = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+			int var_width = cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)].as_int();
+			int const_width = cell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)].as_int();
+			bool is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 
 			if (!const_sig.is_fully_const())
 			{
 				std::swap(var_sig, const_sig);
 				std::swap(var_width, const_width);
-				if (cmp_type == "$gt")
-					cmp_type = "$lt";
-				else if (cmp_type == "$lt")
-					cmp_type = "$gt";
-				else if (cmp_type == "$ge")
-					cmp_type = "$le";
-				else if (cmp_type == "$le")
-					cmp_type = "$ge";
+				if (cmp_type == ID($gt))
+					cmp_type = ID($lt);
+				else if (cmp_type == ID($lt))
+					cmp_type = ID($gt);
+				else if (cmp_type == ID($ge))
+					cmp_type = ID($le);
+				else if (cmp_type == ID($le))
+					cmp_type = ID($ge);
 			}
 
 			if (const_sig.is_fully_def() && const_sig.is_fully_const())
 			{
 				std::string condition, replacement;
-				SigSpec replace_sig(State::S0, GetSize(cell->getPort("\\Y")));
+				SigSpec replace_sig(State::S0, GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::Y)));
 				bool replace = false;
 				bool remove = false;
 
 				if (!is_signed)
 				{ /* unsigned */
-					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == "$lt") {
+					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == ID($lt)) {
 						condition   = "unsigned X<0";
 						replacement = "constant 0";
 						replace_sig[0] = State::S0;
 						replace = true;
 					}
-					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == "$ge") {
+					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == ID($ge)) {
 						condition   = "unsigned X>=0";
 						replacement = "constant 1";
 						replace_sig[0] = State::S1;
 						replace = true;
 					}
-					if (const_width == var_width && const_sig.is_fully_ones() && cmp_type == "$gt") {
+					if (const_width == var_width && const_sig.is_fully_ones() && cmp_type == ID($gt)) {
 						condition   = "unsigned X>~0";
 						replacement = "constant 0";
 						replace_sig[0] = State::S0;
 						replace = true;
 					}
-					if (const_width == var_width && const_sig.is_fully_ones() && cmp_type == "$le") {
+					if (const_width == var_width && const_sig.is_fully_ones() && cmp_type == ID($le)) {
 						condition   = "unsigned X<=~0";
 						replacement = "constant 1";
 						replace_sig[0] = State::S1;
@@ -1546,18 +1547,18 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 							var_high_sig[i - const_bit_hot] = var_sig[i];
 						}
 
-						if (cmp_type == "$lt")
+						if (cmp_type == ID($lt))
 						{
 							condition   = stringf("unsigned X<%s", log_signal(const_sig));
 							replacement = stringf("!X[%d:%d]", var_width - 1, const_bit_hot);
-							module->addLogicNot(NEW_ID, var_high_sig, cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+							module->addLogicNot(NEW_ID, var_high_sig, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 							remove = true;
 						}
-						if (cmp_type == "$ge")
+						if (cmp_type == ID($ge))
 						{
 							condition   = stringf("unsigned X>=%s", log_signal(const_sig));
 							replacement = stringf("|X[%d:%d]", var_width - 1, const_bit_hot);
-							module->addReduceOr(NEW_ID, var_high_sig, cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+							module->addReduceOr(NEW_ID, var_high_sig, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 							remove = true;
 						}
 					}
@@ -1566,19 +1567,19 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					if(const_bit_set >= var_width)
 					{
 						string cmp_name;
-						if (cmp_type == "$lt" || cmp_type == "$le")
+						if (cmp_type == ID($lt) || cmp_type == ID($le))
 						{
-							if (cmp_type == "$lt") cmp_name = "<";
-							if (cmp_type == "$le") cmp_name = "<=";
+							if (cmp_type == ID($lt)) cmp_name = "<";
+							if (cmp_type == ID($le)) cmp_name = "<=";
 							condition   = stringf("unsigned X[%d:0]%s%s", var_width - 1, cmp_name.c_str(), log_signal(const_sig));
 							replacement = "constant 1";
 							replace_sig[0] = State::S1;
 							replace = true;
 						}
-						if (cmp_type == "$gt" || cmp_type == "$ge")
+						if (cmp_type == ID($gt) || cmp_type == ID($ge))
 						{
-							if (cmp_type == "$gt") cmp_name = ">";
-							if (cmp_type == "$ge") cmp_name = ">=";
+							if (cmp_type == ID($gt)) cmp_name = ">";
+							if (cmp_type == ID($ge)) cmp_name = ">=";
 							condition   = stringf("unsigned X[%d:0]%s%s", var_width - 1, cmp_name.c_str(), log_signal(const_sig));
 							replacement = "constant 0";
 							replace_sig[0] = State::S0;
@@ -1588,18 +1589,18 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 				}
 				else
 				{ /* signed */
-					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == "$lt")
+					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == ID($lt))
 					{
 						condition   = "signed X<0";
 						replacement = stringf("X[%d]", var_width - 1);
 						replace_sig[0] = var_sig[var_width - 1];
 						replace = true;
 					}
-					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == "$ge")
+					if (const_sig.is_fully_zero() && cmp_type == ID($ge))
 					{
 						condition   = "signed X>=0";
 						replacement = stringf("X[%d]", var_width - 1);
-						module->addNot(NEW_ID, var_sig[var_width - 1], cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+						module->addNot(NEW_ID, var_sig[var_width - 1], cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 						remove = true;
 					}
 				}
@@ -1609,7 +1610,7 @@ void replace_const_cells(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool cons
 					log_debug("Replacing %s cell `%s' (implementing %s) with %s.\n",
 							log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), condition.c_str(), replacement.c_str());
 					if (replace)
-						module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), replace_sig);
+						module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), replace_sig);
 					module->remove(cell);
 					did_something = true;
 					goto next_cell;
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_lut.cc b/passes/opt/opt_lut.cc
index 4c199ba72..c4f278706 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_lut.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_lut.cc
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 
 	bool evaluate_lut(RTLIL::Cell *lut, dict<SigBit, bool> inputs)
 	{
-		SigSpec lut_input = sigmap(lut->getPort("\\A"));
-		int lut_width = lut->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-		Const lut_table = lut->getParam("\\LUT");
+		SigSpec lut_input = sigmap(lut->getPort(ID::A));
+		int lut_width = lut->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+		Const lut_table = lut->getParam(ID(LUT));
 		int lut_index = 0;
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < lut_width; i++)
@@ -99,16 +99,16 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 		log("Discovering LUTs.\n");
 		for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 		{
-			if (cell->type == "$lut")
+			if (cell->type == ID($lut))
 			{
 				if (cell->has_keep_attr())
 					continue;
-				SigBit lut_output = cell->getPort("\\Y");
-				if (lut_output.wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep"))
+				SigBit lut_output = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
+				if (lut_output.wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep))
 					continue;
 
-				int lut_width = cell->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-				SigSpec lut_input = cell->getPort("\\A");
+				int lut_width = cell->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+				SigSpec lut_input = cell->getPort(ID::A);
 				int lut_arity = 0;
 
 				log_debug("Found $lut\\WIDTH=%d cell %s.%s.\n", lut_width, log_id(module), log_id(cell));
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 			}
 
 			auto lut = worklist.pop();
-			SigSpec lut_input = sigmap(lut->getPort("\\A"));
+			SigSpec lut_input = sigmap(lut->getPort(ID::A));
 			pool<int> &lut_dlogic_inputs = luts_dlogic_inputs[lut];
 
 			vector<SigBit> lut_inputs;
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 					log_debug("  Not eliminating cell (connected to dedicated logic).\n");
 				else
 				{
-					SigSpec lut_output = lut->getPort("\\Y");
+					SigSpec lut_output = lut->getPort(ID::Y);
 					for (auto &port : index.query_ports(lut_output))
 					{
 						if (port.cell != lut && luts.count(port.cell))
@@ -303,13 +303,13 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 			}
 
 			auto lutA = worklist.pop();
-			SigSpec lutA_input = sigmap(lutA->getPort("\\A"));
-			SigSpec lutA_output = sigmap(lutA->getPort("\\Y")[0]);
-			int lutA_width = lutA->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
+			SigSpec lutA_input = sigmap(lutA->getPort(ID::A));
+			SigSpec lutA_output = sigmap(lutA->getPort(ID::Y)[0]);
+			int lutA_width = lutA->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
 			int lutA_arity = luts_arity[lutA];
 			pool<int> &lutA_dlogic_inputs = luts_dlogic_inputs[lutA];
 
-			auto lutA_output_ports = index.query_ports(lutA->getPort("\\Y"));
+			auto lutA_output_ports = index.query_ports(lutA->getPort(ID::Y));
 			if (lutA_output_ports.size() != 2)
 				continue;
 
@@ -321,15 +321,15 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 				if (luts.count(port.cell))
 				{
 					auto lutB = port.cell;
-					SigSpec lutB_input = sigmap(lutB->getPort("\\A"));
-					SigSpec lutB_output = sigmap(lutB->getPort("\\Y")[0]);
-					int lutB_width = lutB->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
+					SigSpec lutB_input = sigmap(lutB->getPort(ID::A));
+					SigSpec lutB_output = sigmap(lutB->getPort(ID::Y)[0]);
+					int lutB_width = lutB->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
 					int lutB_arity = luts_arity[lutB];
 					pool<int> &lutB_dlogic_inputs = luts_dlogic_inputs[lutB];
 
 					log_debug("Found %s.%s (cell A) feeding %s.%s (cell B).\n", log_id(module), log_id(lutA), log_id(module), log_id(lutB));
 
-					if (index.query_is_output(lutA->getPort("\\Y")))
+					if (index.query_is_output(lutA->getPort(ID::Y)))
 					{
 						log_debug("  Not combining LUTs (cascade connection feeds module output).\n");
 						continue;
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 						log_debug("  Not combining LUTs into cell A (combined LUT wider than cell A).\n");
 					else if (lutB_dlogic_inputs.size() > 0)
 						log_debug("  Not combining LUTs into cell A (cell B is connected to dedicated logic).\n");
-					else if (lutB->get_bool_attribute("\\lut_keep"))
+					else if (lutB->get_bool_attribute(ID(lut_keep)))
 						log_debug("  Not combining LUTs into cell A (cell B has attribute \\lut_keep).\n");
 					else
 						combine_mask |= COMBINE_A;
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 						log_debug("  Not combining LUTs into cell B (combined LUT wider than cell B).\n");
 					else if (lutA_dlogic_inputs.size() > 0)
 						log_debug("  Not combining LUTs into cell B (cell A is connected to dedicated logic).\n");
-					else if (lutA->get_bool_attribute("\\lut_keep"))
+					else if (lutA->get_bool_attribute(ID(lut_keep)))
 						log_debug("  Not combining LUTs into cell B (cell A has attribute \\lut_keep).\n");
 					else
 						combine_mask |= COMBINE_B;
@@ -440,8 +440,8 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 							lutR_unique.insert(bit);
 					}
 
-					int lutM_width = lutM->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-					SigSpec lutM_input = sigmap(lutM->getPort("\\A"));
+					int lutM_width = lutM->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+					SigSpec lutM_input = sigmap(lutM->getPort(ID::A));
 					std::vector<SigBit> lutM_new_inputs;
 					for (int i = 0; i < lutM_width; i++)
 					{
@@ -482,13 +482,13 @@ struct OptLutWorker
 						lutM_new_table[eval] = (RTLIL::State) evaluate_lut(lutB, eval_inputs);
 					}
 
-					log_debug("  Cell A truth table: %s.\n", lutA->getParam("\\LUT").as_string().c_str());
-					log_debug("  Cell B truth table: %s.\n", lutB->getParam("\\LUT").as_string().c_str());
+					log_debug("  Cell A truth table: %s.\n", lutA->getParam(ID(LUT)).as_string().c_str());
+					log_debug("  Cell B truth table: %s.\n", lutB->getParam(ID(LUT)).as_string().c_str());
 					log_debug("  Merged truth table: %s.\n", lutM_new_table.as_string().c_str());
 
-					lutM->setParam("\\LUT", lutM_new_table);
-					lutM->setPort("\\A", lutM_new_inputs);
-					lutM->setPort("\\Y", lutB_output);
+					lutM->setParam(ID(LUT), lutM_new_table);
+					lutM->setPort(ID::A, lutM_new_inputs);
+					lutM->setPort(ID::Y, lutB_output);
 
 					luts_arity[lutM] = lutM_arity;
 					luts.erase(lutR);
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_merge.cc b/passes/opt/opt_merge.cc
index cac7c0a6f..aaea6159e 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_merge.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_merge.cc
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ struct OptMergeWorker
 
 	static void sort_pmux_conn(dict<RTLIL::IdString, RTLIL::SigSpec> &conn)
 	{
-		SigSpec sig_s = conn.at("\\S");
-		SigSpec sig_b = conn.at("\\B");
+		SigSpec sig_s = conn.at(ID(S));
+		SigSpec sig_b = conn.at(ID::B);
 
 		int s_width = GetSize(sig_s);
 		int width = GetSize(sig_b) / s_width;
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ struct OptMergeWorker
 
 		std::sort(sb_pairs.begin(), sb_pairs.end());
 
-		conn["\\S"] = SigSpec();
-		conn["\\B"] = SigSpec();
+		conn[ID(S)] = SigSpec();
+		conn[ID::B] = SigSpec();
 
 		for (auto &it : sb_pairs) {
-			conn["\\S"].append(it.first);
-			conn["\\B"].append(it.second);
+			conn[ID(S)].append(it.first);
+			conn[ID::B].append(it.second);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -94,32 +94,32 @@ struct OptMergeWorker
 		const dict<RTLIL::IdString, RTLIL::SigSpec> *conn = &cell->connections();
 		dict<RTLIL::IdString, RTLIL::SigSpec> alt_conn;
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$and", "$or", "$xor", "$xnor", "$add", "$mul",
-				"$logic_and", "$logic_or", "$_AND_", "$_OR_", "$_XOR_")) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($and), ID($or), ID($xor), ID($xnor), ID($add), ID($mul),
+				ID($logic_and), ID($logic_or), ID($_AND_), ID($_OR_), ID($_XOR_))) {
 			alt_conn = *conn;
-			if (assign_map(alt_conn.at("\\A")) < assign_map(alt_conn.at("\\B"))) {
-				alt_conn["\\A"] = conn->at("\\B");
-				alt_conn["\\B"] = conn->at("\\A");
+			if (assign_map(alt_conn.at(ID::A)) < assign_map(alt_conn.at(ID::B))) {
+				alt_conn[ID::A] = conn->at(ID::B);
+				alt_conn[ID::B] = conn->at(ID::A);
 			}
 			conn = &alt_conn;
 		} else
-		if (cell->type.in("$reduce_xor", "$reduce_xnor")) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($reduce_xor), ID($reduce_xnor))) {
 			alt_conn = *conn;
-			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at("\\A"));
-			alt_conn.at("\\A").sort();
+			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at(ID::A));
+			alt_conn.at(ID::A).sort();
 			conn = &alt_conn;
 		} else
-		if (cell->type.in("$reduce_and", "$reduce_or", "$reduce_bool")) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($reduce_and), ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_bool))) {
 			alt_conn = *conn;
-			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at("\\A"));
-			alt_conn.at("\\A").sort_and_unify();
+			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at(ID::A));
+			alt_conn.at(ID::A).sort_and_unify();
 			conn = &alt_conn;
 		} else
-		if (cell->type == "$pmux") {
+		if (cell->type == ID($pmux)) {
 			alt_conn = *conn;
-			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at("\\A"));
-			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at("\\B"));
-			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at("\\S"));
+			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at(ID::A));
+			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at(ID::B));
+			assign_map.apply(alt_conn.at(ID(S)));
 			sort_pmux_conn(alt_conn);
 			conn = &alt_conn;
 		}
@@ -189,28 +189,28 @@ struct OptMergeWorker
 				assign_map.apply(it.second);
 		}
 
-		if (cell1->type == "$and" || cell1->type == "$or" || cell1->type == "$xor" || cell1->type == "$xnor" || cell1->type == "$add" || cell1->type == "$mul" ||
-				cell1->type == "$logic_and" || cell1->type == "$logic_or" || cell1->type == "$_AND_" || cell1->type == "$_OR_" || cell1->type == "$_XOR_") {
-			if (conn1.at("\\A") < conn1.at("\\B")) {
-				RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = conn1["\\A"];
-				conn1["\\A"] = conn1["\\B"];
-				conn1["\\B"] = tmp;
+		if (cell1->type == ID($and) || cell1->type == ID($or) || cell1->type == ID($xor) || cell1->type == ID($xnor) || cell1->type == ID($add) || cell1->type == ID($mul) ||
+				cell1->type == ID($logic_and) || cell1->type == ID($logic_or) || cell1->type == ID($_AND_) || cell1->type == ID($_OR_) || cell1->type == ID($_XOR_)) {
+			if (conn1.at(ID::A) < conn1.at(ID::B)) {
+				RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = conn1[ID::A];
+				conn1[ID::A] = conn1[ID::B];
+				conn1[ID::B] = tmp;
 			}
-			if (conn2.at("\\A") < conn2.at("\\B")) {
-				RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = conn2["\\A"];
-				conn2["\\A"] = conn2["\\B"];
-				conn2["\\B"] = tmp;
+			if (conn2.at(ID::A) < conn2.at(ID::B)) {
+				RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = conn2[ID::A];
+				conn2[ID::A] = conn2[ID::B];
+				conn2[ID::B] = tmp;
 			}
 		} else
-		if (cell1->type == "$reduce_xor" || cell1->type == "$reduce_xnor") {
-			conn1["\\A"].sort();
-			conn2["\\A"].sort();
+		if (cell1->type == ID($reduce_xor) || cell1->type == ID($reduce_xnor)) {
+			conn1[ID::A].sort();
+			conn2[ID::A].sort();
 		} else
-		if (cell1->type == "$reduce_and" || cell1->type == "$reduce_or" || cell1->type == "$reduce_bool") {
-			conn1["\\A"].sort_and_unify();
-			conn2["\\A"].sort_and_unify();
+		if (cell1->type == ID($reduce_and) || cell1->type == ID($reduce_or) || cell1->type == ID($reduce_bool)) {
+			conn1[ID::A].sort_and_unify();
+			conn2[ID::A].sort_and_unify();
 		} else
-		if (cell1->type == "$pmux") {
+		if (cell1->type == ID($pmux)) {
 			sort_pmux_conn(conn1);
 			sort_pmux_conn(conn2);
 		}
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ struct OptMergeWorker
 			return true;
 		}
 
-		if (cell1->type.begins_with("$") && conn1.count("\\Q") != 0) {
-			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> q1 = dff_init_map(cell1->getPort("\\Q")).to_sigbit_vector();
-			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> q2 = dff_init_map(cell2->getPort("\\Q")).to_sigbit_vector();
+		if (cell1->type.begins_with("$") && conn1.count(ID(Q)) != 0) {
+			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> q1 = dff_init_map(cell1->getPort(ID(Q))).to_sigbit_vector();
+			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> q2 = dff_init_map(cell2->getPort(ID(Q))).to_sigbit_vector();
 			for (size_t i = 0; i < q1.size(); i++)
 				if ((q1.at(i).wire == NULL || q2.at(i).wire == NULL) && q1.at(i) != q2.at(i)) {
 					lt = q1.at(i) < q2.at(i);
@@ -271,24 +271,24 @@ struct OptMergeWorker
 		ct.setup_stdcells_mem();
 
 		if (mode_nomux) {
-			ct.cell_types.erase("$mux");
-			ct.cell_types.erase("$pmux");
+			ct.cell_types.erase(ID($mux));
+			ct.cell_types.erase(ID($pmux));
 		}
 
-		ct.cell_types.erase("$tribuf");
-		ct.cell_types.erase("$_TBUF_");
-		ct.cell_types.erase("$anyseq");
-		ct.cell_types.erase("$anyconst");
-		ct.cell_types.erase("$allseq");
-		ct.cell_types.erase("$allconst");
+		ct.cell_types.erase(ID($tribuf));
+		ct.cell_types.erase(ID($_TBUF_));
+		ct.cell_types.erase(ID($anyseq));
+		ct.cell_types.erase(ID($anyconst));
+		ct.cell_types.erase(ID($allseq));
+		ct.cell_types.erase(ID($allconst));
 
 		log("Finding identical cells in module `%s'.\n", module->name.c_str());
 		assign_map.set(module);
 
 		dff_init_map.set(module);
 		for (auto &it : module->wires_)
-			if (it.second->attributes.count("\\init") != 0) {
-				Const initval = it.second->attributes.at("\\init");
+			if (it.second->attributes.count(ID(init)) != 0) {
+				Const initval = it.second->attributes.at(ID(init));
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initval) && i < GetSize(it.second); i++)
 					if (initval[i] == State::S0 || initval[i] == State::S1)
 						dff_init_map.add(SigBit(it.second, i), initval[i]);
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_muxtree.cc b/passes/opt/opt_muxtree.cc
index 4b96fe524..3c486bbcc 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_muxtree.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_muxtree.cc
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ struct OptMuxtreeWorker
 		//	.const_deactivated
 		for (auto cell : module->cells())
 		{
-			if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux)))
 			{
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort("\\S");
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort(ID(S));
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 				muxinfo_t muxinfo;
 				muxinfo.cell = cell;
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ struct OptMuxtreeWorker
 			}
 		}
 		for (auto wire : module->wires()) {
-			if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep"))
+			if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep))
 				for (int idx : sig2bits(RTLIL::SigSpec(wire)))
 					bit2info[idx].seen_non_mux = true;
 		}
@@ -227,10 +227,10 @@ struct OptMuxtreeWorker
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = mi.cell->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = mi.cell->getPort("\\B");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = mi.cell->getPort("\\S");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = mi.cell->getPort("\\Y");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = mi.cell->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = mi.cell->getPort(ID::B);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = mi.cell->getPort(ID(S));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = mi.cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_ports = sig_b;
 			sig_ports.append(sig_a);
@@ -255,14 +255,14 @@ struct OptMuxtreeWorker
 					}
 				}
 
-				mi.cell->setPort("\\A", new_sig_a);
-				mi.cell->setPort("\\B", new_sig_b);
-				mi.cell->setPort("\\S", new_sig_s);
+				mi.cell->setPort(ID::A, new_sig_a);
+				mi.cell->setPort(ID::B, new_sig_b);
+				mi.cell->setPort(ID(S), new_sig_s);
 				if (GetSize(new_sig_s) == 1) {
-					mi.cell->type = "$mux";
-					mi.cell->parameters.erase("\\S_WIDTH");
+					mi.cell->type = ID($mux);
+					mi.cell->parameters.erase(ID(S_WIDTH));
 				} else {
-					mi.cell->parameters["\\S_WIDTH"] = RTLIL::Const(GetSize(new_sig_s));
+					mi.cell->parameters[ID(S_WIDTH)] = RTLIL::Const(GetSize(new_sig_s));
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -364,9 +364,9 @@ struct OptMuxtreeWorker
 
 		int width = 0;
 		idict<int> ctrl_bits;
-		if (portname == "\\B")
-			width = GetSize(muxinfo.cell->getPort("\\A"));
-		for (int bit : sig2bits(muxinfo.cell->getPort("\\S"), false))
+		if (portname == ID::B)
+			width = GetSize(muxinfo.cell->getPort(ID::A));
+		for (int bit : sig2bits(muxinfo.cell->getPort(ID(S)), false))
 			ctrl_bits(bit);
 
 		int port_idx = 0, port_off = 0;
@@ -414,8 +414,8 @@ struct OptMuxtreeWorker
 
 		// set input ports to constants if we find known active or inactive signals
 		if (do_replace_known) {
-			replace_known(knowledge, muxinfo, "\\A");
-			replace_known(knowledge, muxinfo, "\\B");
+			replace_known(knowledge, muxinfo, ID::A);
+			replace_known(knowledge, muxinfo, ID::B);
 		}
 
 		// if there is a constant activated port we just use it
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_reduce.cc b/passes/opt/opt_reduce.cc
index d99f1ca6a..6a8d8cabd 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_reduce.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_reduce.cc
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 			return;
 		cells.erase(cell);
 
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 		pool<RTLIL::SigBit> new_sig_a_bits;
 
 		for (auto &bit : sig_a.to_sigbit_set())
 		{
 			if (bit == RTLIL::State::S0) {
-				if (cell->type == "$reduce_and") {
+				if (cell->type == ID($reduce_and)) {
 					new_sig_a_bits.clear();
 					new_sig_a_bits.insert(RTLIL::State::S0);
 					break;
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (bit == RTLIL::State::S1) {
-				if (cell->type == "$reduce_or") {
+				if (cell->type == ID($reduce_or)) {
 					new_sig_a_bits.clear();
 					new_sig_a_bits.insert(RTLIL::State::S1);
 					break;
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 			for (auto child_cell : drivers.find(bit)) {
 				if (child_cell->type == cell->type) {
 					opt_reduce(cells, drivers, child_cell);
-					if (child_cell->getPort("\\Y")[0] == bit) {
-						pool<RTLIL::SigBit> child_sig_a_bits = assign_map(child_cell->getPort("\\A")).to_sigbit_pool();
+					if (child_cell->getPort(ID::Y)[0] == bit) {
+						pool<RTLIL::SigBit> child_sig_a_bits = assign_map(child_cell->getPort(ID::A)).to_sigbit_pool();
 						new_sig_a_bits.insert(child_sig_a_bits.begin(), child_sig_a_bits.end());
 					} else
 						new_sig_a_bits.insert(RTLIL::State::S0);
@@ -87,22 +87,22 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 
 		RTLIL::SigSpec new_sig_a(new_sig_a_bits);
 
-		if (new_sig_a != sig_a || sig_a.size() != cell->getPort("\\A").size()) {
+		if (new_sig_a != sig_a || sig_a.size() != cell->getPort(ID::A).size()) {
 			log("    New input vector for %s cell %s: %s\n", cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str(), log_signal(new_sig_a));
 			did_something = true;
 			total_count++;
 		}
 
-		cell->setPort("\\A", new_sig_a);
-		cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = RTLIL::Const(new_sig_a.size());
+		cell->setPort(ID::A, new_sig_a);
+		cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = RTLIL::Const(new_sig_a.size());
 		return;
 	}
 
 	void opt_mux(RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 	{
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\S"));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
 
 		RTLIL::SigSpec new_sig_b, new_sig_s;
 		pool<RTLIL::SigSpec> handled_sig;
@@ -123,15 +123,15 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 
 			if (this_s.size() > 1)
 			{
-				RTLIL::Cell *reduce_or_cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$reduce_or");
-				reduce_or_cell->setPort("\\A", this_s);
-				reduce_or_cell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"] = RTLIL::Const(0);
-				reduce_or_cell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = RTLIL::Const(this_s.size());
-				reduce_or_cell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"] = RTLIL::Const(1);
+				RTLIL::Cell *reduce_or_cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($reduce_or));
+				reduce_or_cell->setPort(ID::A, this_s);
+				reduce_or_cell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)] = RTLIL::Const(0);
+				reduce_or_cell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = RTLIL::Const(this_s.size());
+				reduce_or_cell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)] = RTLIL::Const(1);
 
 				RTLIL::Wire *reduce_or_wire = module->addWire(NEW_ID);
 				this_s = RTLIL::SigSpec(reduce_or_wire);
-				reduce_or_cell->setPort("\\Y", this_s);
+				reduce_or_cell->setPort(ID::Y, this_s);
 			}
 
 			new_sig_b.append(this_b);
@@ -147,28 +147,28 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 
 		if (new_sig_s.size() == 0)
 		{
-			module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(cell->getPort("\\Y"), cell->getPort("\\A")));
-			assign_map.add(cell->getPort("\\Y"), cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(cell->getPort(ID::Y), cell->getPort(ID::A)));
+			assign_map.add(cell->getPort(ID::Y), cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			module->remove(cell);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			cell->setPort("\\B", new_sig_b);
-			cell->setPort("\\S", new_sig_s);
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, new_sig_b);
+			cell->setPort(ID(S), new_sig_s);
 			if (new_sig_s.size() > 1) {
-				cell->parameters["\\S_WIDTH"] = RTLIL::Const(new_sig_s.size());
+				cell->parameters[ID(S_WIDTH)] = RTLIL::Const(new_sig_s.size());
 			} else {
-				cell->type = "$mux";
-				cell->parameters.erase("\\S_WIDTH");
+				cell->type = ID($mux);
+				cell->parameters.erase(ID(S_WIDTH));
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	void opt_mux_bits(RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 	{
-		std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A")).to_sigbit_vector();
-		std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B")).to_sigbit_vector();
-		std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_y = assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y")).to_sigbit_vector();
+		std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_a = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A)).to_sigbit_vector();
+		std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_b = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B)).to_sigbit_vector();
+		std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_y = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y)).to_sigbit_vector();
 
 		std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> new_sig_y;
 		RTLIL::SigSig old_sig_conn;
@@ -209,29 +209,29 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 		if (new_sig_y.size() != sig_y.size())
 		{
 			log("    Consolidated identical input bits for %s cell %s:\n", cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str());
-			log("      Old ports: A=%s, B=%s, Y=%s\n", log_signal(cell->getPort("\\A")),
-					log_signal(cell->getPort("\\B")), log_signal(cell->getPort("\\Y")));
+			log("      Old ports: A=%s, B=%s, Y=%s\n", log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::A)),
+					log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::B)), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Y)));
 
-			cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec());
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec());
 			for (auto &in_tuple : consolidated_in_tuples) {
-				RTLIL::SigSpec new_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
+				RTLIL::SigSpec new_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
 				new_a.append(in_tuple.at(0));
-				cell->setPort("\\A", new_a);
+				cell->setPort(ID::A, new_a);
 			}
 
-			cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec());
-			for (int i = 1; i <= cell->getPort("\\S").size(); i++)
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec());
+			for (int i = 1; i <= cell->getPort(ID(S)).size(); i++)
 				for (auto &in_tuple : consolidated_in_tuples) {
-					RTLIL::SigSpec new_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
+					RTLIL::SigSpec new_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
 					new_b.append(in_tuple.at(i));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", new_b);
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
 				}
 
-			cell->parameters["\\WIDTH"] = RTLIL::Const(new_sig_y.size());
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", new_sig_y);
+			cell->parameters[ID(WIDTH)] = RTLIL::Const(new_sig_y.size());
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, new_sig_y);
 
-			log("      New ports: A=%s, B=%s, Y=%s\n", log_signal(cell->getPort("\\A")),
-					log_signal(cell->getPort("\\B")), log_signal(cell->getPort("\\Y")));
+			log("      New ports: A=%s, B=%s, Y=%s\n", log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::A)),
+					log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::B)), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Y)));
 			log("      New connections: %s = %s\n", log_signal(old_sig_conn.first), log_signal(old_sig_conn.second));
 
 			module->connect(old_sig_conn);
@@ -253,15 +253,15 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 		SigPool mem_wren_sigs;
 		for (auto &cell_it : module->cells_) {
 			RTLIL::Cell *cell = cell_it.second;
-			if (cell->type == "$mem")
-				mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\WR_EN")));
-			if (cell->type == "$memwr")
-				mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\EN")));
+			if (cell->type == ID($mem))
+				mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(WR_EN))));
+			if (cell->type == ID($memwr))
+				mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(EN))));
 		}
 		for (auto &cell_it : module->cells_) {
 			RTLIL::Cell *cell = cell_it.second;
-			if (cell->type == "$dff" && mem_wren_sigs.check_any(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Q"))))
-				mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\D")));
+			if (cell->type == ID($dff) && mem_wren_sigs.check_any(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(Q)))))
+				mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(D))));
 		}
 
 		bool keep_expanding_mem_wren_sigs = true;
@@ -269,12 +269,12 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 			keep_expanding_mem_wren_sigs = false;
 			for (auto &cell_it : module->cells_) {
 				RTLIL::Cell *cell = cell_it.second;
-				if (cell->type == "$mux" && mem_wren_sigs.check_any(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y")))) {
-					if (!mem_wren_sigs.check_all(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A"))) ||
-							!mem_wren_sigs.check_all(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B"))))
+				if (cell->type == ID($mux) && mem_wren_sigs.check_any(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y)))) {
+					if (!mem_wren_sigs.check_all(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A))) ||
+							!mem_wren_sigs.check_all(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B))))
 						keep_expanding_mem_wren_sigs = true;
-					mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\A")));
-					mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\B")));
+					mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::A)));
+					mem_wren_sigs.add(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::B)));
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 			// merge trees of reduce_* cells to one single cell and unify input vectors
 			// (only handle reduce_and and reduce_or for various reasons)
 
-			const char *type_list[] = { "$reduce_or", "$reduce_and" };
+			const IdString type_list[] = { ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_and) };
 			for (auto type : type_list)
 			{
 				SigSet<RTLIL::Cell*> drivers;
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 					RTLIL::Cell *cell = cell_it.second;
 					if (cell->type != type || !design->selected(module, cell))
 						continue;
-					drivers.insert(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y")), cell);
+					drivers.insert(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), cell);
 					cells.insert(cell);
 				}
 
@@ -311,14 +311,14 @@ struct OptReduceWorker
 			std::vector<RTLIL::Cell*> cells;
 
 			for (auto &it : module->cells_)
-				if ((it.second->type == "$mux" || it.second->type == "$pmux") && design->selected(module, it.second))
+				if ((it.second->type == ID($mux) || it.second->type == ID($pmux)) && design->selected(module, it.second))
 					cells.push_back(it.second);
 
 			for (auto cell : cells)
 			{
 				// this optimization is to aggressive for most coarse-grain applications.
 				// but we always want it for multiplexers driving write enable ports.
-				if (do_fine || mem_wren_sigs.check_any(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y"))))
+				if (do_fine || mem_wren_sigs.check_any(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y))))
 					opt_mux_bits(cell);
 
 				opt_mux(cell);
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_rmdff.cc b/passes/opt/opt_rmdff.cc
index 8d42a37c3..0bf74098a 100644
--- a/passes/opt/opt_rmdff.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_rmdff.cc
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ void remove_init_attr(SigSpec sig)
 	for (auto bit : assign_map(sig))
 		if (init_attributes.count(bit))
 			for (auto wbit : init_attributes.at(bit))
-				wbit.wire->attributes.at("\\init")[wbit.offset] = State::Sx;
+				wbit.wire->attributes.at(ID(init))[wbit.offset] = State::Sx;
 }
 
 bool handle_dffsr(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ bool handle_dffsr(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 	SigSpec sig_set, sig_clr;
 	State pol_set, pol_clr;
 
-	if (cell->hasPort("\\S"))
-		sig_set = cell->getPort("\\S");
+	if (cell->hasPort(ID(S)))
+		sig_set = cell->getPort(ID(S));
 
-	if (cell->hasPort("\\R"))
-		sig_clr = cell->getPort("\\R");
+	if (cell->hasPort(ID(R)))
+		sig_clr = cell->getPort(ID(R));
 
-	if (cell->hasPort("\\SET"))
-		sig_set = cell->getPort("\\SET");
+	if (cell->hasPort(ID(SET)))
+		sig_set = cell->getPort(ID(SET));
 
-	if (cell->hasPort("\\CLR"))
-		sig_clr = cell->getPort("\\CLR");
+	if (cell->hasPort(ID(CLR)))
+		sig_clr = cell->getPort(ID(CLR));
 
 	log_assert(GetSize(sig_set) == GetSize(sig_clr));
 
@@ -71,17 +71,17 @@ bool handle_dffsr(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 		pol_set = cell->type[12] == 'P' ? State::S1 : State::S0;
 		pol_clr = cell->type[13] == 'P' ? State::S1 : State::S0;
 	} else
-	if (cell->type.in("$dffsr", "$dlatchsr")) {
-		pol_set = cell->parameters["\\SET_POLARITY"].as_bool() ? State::S1 : State::S0;
-		pol_clr = cell->parameters["\\CLR_POLARITY"].as_bool() ? State::S1 : State::S0;
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($dffsr), ID($dlatchsr))) {
+		pol_set = cell->parameters[ID(SET_POLARITY)].as_bool() ? State::S1 : State::S0;
+		pol_clr = cell->parameters[ID(CLR_POLARITY)].as_bool() ? State::S1 : State::S0;
 	} else
 		log_abort();
 
 	State npol_set = pol_set == State::S0 ? State::S1 : State::S0;
 	State npol_clr = pol_clr == State::S0 ? State::S1 : State::S0;
 
-	SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-	SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+	SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
 	bool did_something = false;
 	bool proper_sr = false;
@@ -137,20 +137,20 @@ bool handle_dffsr(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$dffsr", "$dlatchsr"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($dffsr), ID($dlatchsr)))
 	{
-		cell->setParam("\\WIDTH", GetSize(sig_d));
-		cell->setPort("\\SET", sig_set);
-		cell->setPort("\\CLR", sig_clr);
-		cell->setPort("\\D", sig_d);
-		cell->setPort("\\Q", sig_q);
+		cell->setParam(ID(WIDTH), GetSize(sig_d));
+		cell->setPort(ID(SET), sig_set);
+		cell->setPort(ID(CLR), sig_clr);
+		cell->setPort(ID(D), sig_d);
+		cell->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q);
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		cell->setPort("\\S", sig_set);
-		cell->setPort("\\R", sig_clr);
-		cell->setPort("\\D", sig_d);
-		cell->setPort("\\Q", sig_q);
+		cell->setPort(ID(S), sig_set);
+		cell->setPort(ID(R), sig_clr);
+		cell->setPort(ID(D), sig_d);
+		cell->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q);
 	}
 
 	if (proper_sr)
@@ -159,36 +159,36 @@ bool handle_dffsr(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 	if (used_pol_set && used_pol_clr && pol_set != pol_clr)
 		return did_something;
 
-	if (cell->type == "$dlatchsr")
+	if (cell->type == ID($dlatchsr))
 		return did_something;
 
 	State unified_pol = used_pol_set ? pol_set : pol_clr;
 
-	if (cell->type == "$dffsr")
+	if (cell->type == ID($dffsr))
 	{
 		if (hasreset)
 		{
 			log("Converting %s (%s) to %s in module %s.\n", log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type), "$adff", log_id(mod));
 
-			cell->type = "$adff";
-			cell->setParam("\\ARST_POLARITY", unified_pol);
-			cell->setParam("\\ARST_VALUE", reset_val);
-			cell->setPort("\\ARST", sig_reset);
+			cell->type = ID($adff);
+			cell->setParam(ID(ARST_POLARITY), unified_pol);
+			cell->setParam(ID(ARST_VALUE), reset_val);
+			cell->setPort(ID(ARST), sig_reset);
 
-			cell->unsetParam("\\SET_POLARITY");
-			cell->unsetParam("\\CLR_POLARITY");
-			cell->unsetPort("\\SET");
-			cell->unsetPort("\\CLR");
+			cell->unsetParam(ID(SET_POLARITY));
+			cell->unsetParam(ID(CLR_POLARITY));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(SET));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(CLR));
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			log("Converting %s (%s) to %s in module %s.\n", log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type), "$dff", log_id(mod));
 
-			cell->type = "$dff";
-			cell->unsetParam("\\SET_POLARITY");
-			cell->unsetParam("\\CLR_POLARITY");
-			cell->unsetPort("\\SET");
-			cell->unsetPort("\\CLR");
+			cell->type = ID($dff);
+			cell->unsetParam(ID(SET_POLARITY));
+			cell->unsetParam(ID(CLR_POLARITY));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(SET));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(CLR));
 		}
 
 		return true;
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ bool handle_dffsr(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 		log("Converting %s (%s) to %s in module %s.\n", log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type), log_id(new_type), log_id(mod));
 
 		cell->type = new_type;
-		cell->unsetPort("\\S");
-		cell->unsetPort("\\R");
+		cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
+		cell->unsetPort(ID(R));
 
 		return true;
 	}
@@ -222,18 +222,18 @@ bool handle_dlatch(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dlatch)
 	SigSpec sig_e;
 	State on_state, off_state;
 
-	if (dlatch->type == "$dlatch") {
-		sig_e = assign_map(dlatch->getPort("\\EN"));
-		on_state = dlatch->getParam("\\EN_POLARITY").as_bool() ? State::S1 : State::S0;
-		off_state = dlatch->getParam("\\EN_POLARITY").as_bool() ? State::S0 : State::S1;
+	if (dlatch->type == ID($dlatch)) {
+		sig_e = assign_map(dlatch->getPort(ID(EN)));
+		on_state = dlatch->getParam(ID(EN_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? State::S1 : State::S0;
+		off_state = dlatch->getParam(ID(EN_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? State::S0 : State::S1;
 	} else
-	if (dlatch->type == "$_DLATCH_P_") {
-		sig_e = assign_map(dlatch->getPort("\\E"));
+	if (dlatch->type == ID($_DLATCH_P_)) {
+		sig_e = assign_map(dlatch->getPort(ID(E)));
 		on_state = State::S1;
 		off_state = State::S0;
 	} else
-	if (dlatch->type == "$_DLATCH_N_") {
-		sig_e = assign_map(dlatch->getPort("\\E"));
+	if (dlatch->type == ID($_DLATCH_N_)) {
+		sig_e = assign_map(dlatch->getPort(ID(E)));
 		on_state = State::S0;
 		off_state = State::S1;
 	} else
@@ -242,15 +242,15 @@ bool handle_dlatch(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dlatch)
 	if (sig_e == off_state)
 	{
 		RTLIL::Const val_init;
-		for (auto bit : dff_init_map(dlatch->getPort("\\Q")))
+		for (auto bit : dff_init_map(dlatch->getPort(ID(Q))))
 			val_init.bits.push_back(bit.wire == NULL ? bit.data : State::Sx);
-		mod->connect(dlatch->getPort("\\Q"), val_init);
+		mod->connect(dlatch->getPort(ID(Q)), val_init);
 		goto delete_dlatch;
 	}
 
 	if (sig_e == on_state)
 	{
-		mod->connect(dlatch->getPort("\\Q"), dlatch->getPort("\\D"));
+		mod->connect(dlatch->getPort(ID(Q)), dlatch->getPort(ID(D)));
 		goto delete_dlatch;
 	}
 
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ bool handle_dlatch(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dlatch)
 
 delete_dlatch:
 	log("Removing %s (%s) from module %s.\n", log_id(dlatch), log_id(dlatch->type), log_id(mod));
-	remove_init_attr(dlatch->getPort("\\Q"));
+	remove_init_attr(dlatch->getPort(ID(Q)));
 	mod->remove(dlatch);
 	return true;
 }
@@ -268,24 +268,24 @@ bool handle_dff(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dff)
 	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d, sig_q, sig_c, sig_r, sig_e;
 	RTLIL::Const val_cp, val_rp, val_rv, val_ep;
 
-	if (dff->type == "$_FF_") {
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
+	if (dff->type == ID($_FF_)) {
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
 	}
-	else if (dff->type == "$_DFF_N_" || dff->type == "$_DFF_P_") {
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
-		sig_c = dff->getPort("\\C");
-		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->type == "$_DFF_P_", 1);
+	else if (dff->type == ID($_DFF_N_) || dff->type == ID($_DFF_P_)) {
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
+		sig_c = dff->getPort(ID(C));
+		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->type == ID($_DFF_P_), 1);
 	}
 	else if (dff->type.begins_with("$_DFF_") && dff->type.compare(9, 1, "_") == 0 &&
 			(dff->type[6] == 'N' || dff->type[6] == 'P') &&
 			(dff->type[7] == 'N' || dff->type[7] == 'P') &&
 			(dff->type[8] == '0' || dff->type[8] == '1')) {
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
-		sig_c = dff->getPort("\\C");
-		sig_r = dff->getPort("\\R");
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
+		sig_c = dff->getPort(ID(C));
+		sig_r = dff->getPort(ID(R));
 		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->type[6] == 'P', 1);
 		val_rp = RTLIL::Const(dff->type[7] == 'P', 1);
 		val_rv = RTLIL::Const(dff->type[8] == '1', 1);
@@ -293,39 +293,39 @@ bool handle_dff(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dff)
 	else if (dff->type.begins_with("$_DFFE_") && dff->type.compare(9, 1, "_") == 0 &&
 			(dff->type[7] == 'N' || dff->type[7] == 'P') &&
 			(dff->type[8] == 'N' || dff->type[8] == 'P')) {
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
-		sig_c = dff->getPort("\\C");
-		sig_e = dff->getPort("\\E");
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
+		sig_c = dff->getPort(ID(C));
+		sig_e = dff->getPort(ID(E));
 		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->type[7] == 'P', 1);
 		val_ep = RTLIL::Const(dff->type[8] == 'P', 1);
 	}
-	else if (dff->type == "$ff") {
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
+	else if (dff->type == ID($ff)) {
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
 	}
-	else if (dff->type == "$dff") {
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
-		sig_c = dff->getPort("\\CLK");
-		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters["\\CLK_POLARITY"].as_bool(), 1);
+	else if (dff->type == ID($dff)) {
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
+		sig_c = dff->getPort(ID(CLK));
+		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters[ID(CLK_POLARITY)].as_bool(), 1);
 	}
-	else if (dff->type == "$dffe") {
-		sig_e = dff->getPort("\\EN");
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
-		sig_c = dff->getPort("\\CLK");
-		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters["\\CLK_POLARITY"].as_bool(), 1);
-		val_ep = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters["\\EN_POLARITY"].as_bool(), 1);
+	else if (dff->type == ID($dffe)) {
+		sig_e = dff->getPort(ID(EN));
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
+		sig_c = dff->getPort(ID(CLK));
+		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters[ID(CLK_POLARITY)].as_bool(), 1);
+		val_ep = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters[ID(EN_POLARITY)].as_bool(), 1);
 	}
-	else if (dff->type == "$adff") {
-		sig_d = dff->getPort("\\D");
-		sig_q = dff->getPort("\\Q");
-		sig_c = dff->getPort("\\CLK");
-		sig_r = dff->getPort("\\ARST");
-		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters["\\CLK_POLARITY"].as_bool(), 1);
-		val_rp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters["\\ARST_POLARITY"].as_bool(), 1);
-		val_rv = dff->parameters["\\ARST_VALUE"];
+	else if (dff->type == ID($adff)) {
+		sig_d = dff->getPort(ID(D));
+		sig_q = dff->getPort(ID(Q));
+		sig_c = dff->getPort(ID(CLK));
+		sig_r = dff->getPort(ID(ARST));
+		val_cp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters[ID(CLK_POLARITY)].as_bool(), 1);
+		val_rp = RTLIL::Const(dff->parameters[ID(ARST_POLARITY)].as_bool(), 1);
+		val_rv = dff->parameters[ID(ARST_VALUE)];
 	}
 	else
 		log_abort();
@@ -343,12 +343,12 @@ bool handle_dff(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dff)
 		val_init.bits.push_back(bit.wire == NULL ? bit.data : RTLIL::State::Sx);
 	}
 
-	if (dff->type.in("$ff", "$dff") && mux_drivers.has(sig_d)) {
+	if (dff->type.in(ID($ff), ID($dff)) && mux_drivers.has(sig_d)) {
 		std::set<RTLIL::Cell*> muxes;
 		mux_drivers.find(sig_d, muxes);
 		for (auto mux : muxes) {
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(mux->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(mux->getPort("\\B"));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = assign_map(mux->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = assign_map(mux->getPort(ID::B));
 			if (sig_a == sig_q && sig_b.is_fully_const() && (!has_init || val_init == sig_b.as_const())) {
 				mod->connect(sig_q, sig_b);
 				goto delete_dff;
@@ -420,17 +420,17 @@ bool handle_dff(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dff)
 
 		log("Removing unused reset from %s (%s) from module %s.\n", log_id(dff), log_id(dff->type), log_id(mod));
 
-		if (dff->type == "$adff") {
-			dff->type = "$dff";
-			dff->unsetPort("\\ARST");
-			dff->unsetParam("\\ARST_POLARITY");
-			dff->unsetParam("\\ARST_VALUE");
+		if (dff->type == ID($adff)) {
+			dff->type = ID($dff);
+			dff->unsetPort(ID(ARST));
+			dff->unsetParam(ID(ARST_POLARITY));
+			dff->unsetParam(ID(ARST_VALUE));
 			return true;
 		}
 
 		log_assert(dff->type.begins_with("$_DFF_"));
 		dff->type = stringf("$_DFF_%c_", + dff->type[6]);
-		dff->unsetPort("\\R");
+		dff->unsetPort(ID(R));
 	}
 
 	// If enable signal is present, and is fully constant
@@ -445,16 +445,16 @@ bool handle_dff(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dff)
 
 		log("Removing unused enable from %s (%s) from module %s.\n", log_id(dff), log_id(dff->type), log_id(mod));
 
-		if (dff->type == "$dffe") {
-			dff->type = "$dff";
-			dff->unsetPort("\\EN");
-			dff->unsetParam("\\EN_POLARITY");
+		if (dff->type == ID($dffe)) {
+			dff->type = ID($dff);
+			dff->unsetPort(ID(EN));
+			dff->unsetParam(ID(EN_POLARITY));
 			return true;
 		}
 
 		log_assert(dff->type.begins_with("$_DFFE_"));
 		dff->type = stringf("$_DFF_%c_", + dff->type[7]);
-		dff->unsetPort("\\E");
+		dff->unsetPort(ID(E));
 	}
 
 	if (sat && has_init && (!sig_r.size() || val_init == val_rv))
@@ -509,9 +509,9 @@ bool handle_dff(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dff)
 				log("Setting constant %d-bit at position %d on %s (%s) from module %s.\n", sigbit_init_val ? 1 : 0,
 						position, log_id(dff), log_id(dff->type), log_id(mod));
 
-				SigSpec tmp = dff->getPort("\\D");
+				SigSpec tmp = dff->getPort(ID(D));
 				tmp[position] = sigbit_init_val;
-				dff->setPort("\\D", tmp);
+				dff->setPort(ID(D), tmp);
 
 				removed_sigbits = true;
 			}
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ bool handle_dff(RTLIL::Module *mod, RTLIL::Cell *dff)
 
 delete_dff:
 	log("Removing %s (%s) from module %s.\n", log_id(dff), log_id(dff->type), log_id(mod));
-	remove_init_attr(dff->getPort("\\Q"));
+	remove_init_attr(dff->getPort(ID(Q)));
 	mod->remove(dff);
 
 	for (auto &entry : bit2driver)
@@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ struct OptRmdffPass : public Pass {
 
 			for (auto wire : module->wires())
 			{
-				if (wire->attributes.count("\\init") != 0) {
-					Const initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+				if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init)) != 0) {
+					Const initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 					for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initval) && i < GetSize(wire); i++)
 						if (initval[i] == State::S0 || initval[i] == State::S1)
 							dff_init_map.add(SigBit(wire, i), initval[i]);
@@ -624,29 +624,29 @@ struct OptRmdffPass : public Pass {
 						}
 				}
 
-				if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux")) {
-					if (cell->getPort("\\A").size() == cell->getPort("\\B").size())
-						mux_drivers.insert(assign_map(cell->getPort("\\Y")), cell);
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux))) {
+					if (cell->getPort(ID::A).size() == cell->getPort(ID::B).size())
+						mux_drivers.insert(assign_map(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), cell);
 					continue;
 				}
 
 				if (!design->selected(module, cell))
 					continue;
 
-				if (cell->type.in("$_DFFSR_NNN_", "$_DFFSR_NNP_", "$_DFFSR_NPN_", "$_DFFSR_NPP_",
-						"$_DFFSR_PNN_", "$_DFFSR_PNP_", "$_DFFSR_PPN_", "$_DFFSR_PPP_", "$dffsr",
-						"$_DLATCHSR_NNN_", "$_DLATCHSR_NNP_", "$_DLATCHSR_NPN_", "$_DLATCHSR_NPP_",
-						"$_DLATCHSR_PNN_", "$_DLATCHSR_PNP_", "$_DLATCHSR_PPN_", "$_DLATCHSR_PPP_", "$dlatchsr"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFFSR_NNN_), ID($_DFFSR_NNP_), ID($_DFFSR_NPN_), ID($_DFFSR_NPP_),
+						ID($_DFFSR_PNN_), ID($_DFFSR_PNP_), ID($_DFFSR_PPN_), ID($_DFFSR_PPP_), ID($dffsr),
+						ID($_DLATCHSR_NNN_), ID($_DLATCHSR_NNP_), ID($_DLATCHSR_NPN_), ID($_DLATCHSR_NPP_),
+						ID($_DLATCHSR_PNN_), ID($_DLATCHSR_PNP_), ID($_DLATCHSR_PPN_), ID($_DLATCHSR_PPP_), ID($dlatchsr)))
 					dffsr_list.push_back(cell->name);
 
-				if (cell->type.in("$_FF_", "$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_",
-						"$_DFF_NN0_", "$_DFF_NN1_", "$_DFF_NP0_", "$_DFF_NP1_",
-						"$_DFF_PN0_", "$_DFF_PN1_", "$_DFF_PP0_", "$_DFF_PP1_",
-						"$_DFFE_NN_", "$_DFFE_NP_", "$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_",
-						"$ff", "$dff", "$dffe", "$adff"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($_FF_), ID($_DFF_N_), ID($_DFF_P_),
+						ID($_DFF_NN0_), ID($_DFF_NN1_), ID($_DFF_NP0_), ID($_DFF_NP1_),
+						ID($_DFF_PN0_), ID($_DFF_PN1_), ID($_DFF_PP0_), ID($_DFF_PP1_),
+						ID($_DFFE_NN_), ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_),
+						ID($ff), ID($dff), ID($dffe), ID($adff)))
 					dff_list.push_back(cell->name);
 
-				if (cell->type.in("$dlatch", "$_DLATCH_P_", "$_DLATCH_N_"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($dlatch), ID($_DLATCH_P_), ID($_DLATCH_N_)))
 					dlatch_list.push_back(cell->name);
 			}
 
diff --git a/passes/opt/opt_share.cc b/passes/opt/opt_share.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..734cbcf81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/passes/opt/opt_share.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+/*
+ *  yosys -- Yosys Open SYnthesis Suite
+ *
+ *  Copyright (C) 2012  Clifford Wolf <clifford@clifford.at>
+ *                2019  Bogdan Vukobratovic <bogdan.vukobratovic@gmail.com>
+ *
+ *  Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ *  purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ *  copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ *  WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ *  ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ *  WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ *  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ *  OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "kernel/log.h"
+#include "kernel/register.h"
+#include "kernel/rtlil.h"
+#include "kernel/sigtools.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
+PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+SigMap assign_map;
+
+struct OpMuxConn {
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig;
+	RTLIL::Cell *mux;
+	RTLIL::Cell *op;
+	int mux_port_id;
+	int mux_port_offset;
+	int op_outsig_offset;
+
+	bool operator<(const OpMuxConn &other) const
+	{
+		if (mux != other.mux)
+			return mux < other.mux;
+
+		if (mux_port_id != other.mux_port_id)
+			return mux_port_id < other.mux_port_id;
+
+		return mux_port_offset < other.mux_port_offset;
+	}
+};
+
+// Helper class to track additiona information about a SigSpec, like whether it is signed and the semantics of the port it is connected to
+struct ExtSigSpec {
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig;
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sign;
+	bool is_signed;
+	RTLIL::IdString semantics;
+
+	ExtSigSpec() {}
+
+	ExtSigSpec(RTLIL::SigSpec s, RTLIL::SigSpec sign = RTLIL::Const(0, 1), bool is_signed = false, RTLIL::IdString semantics = RTLIL::IdString()) : sig(s), sign(sign), is_signed(is_signed), semantics(semantics) {}
+
+	bool empty() const { return sig.empty(); }
+
+	bool operator<(const ExtSigSpec &other) const
+	{
+		if (sig != other.sig)
+			return sig < other.sig;
+
+		if (sign != other.sign)
+			return sign < other.sign;
+
+		if (is_signed != other.is_signed)
+			return is_signed < other.is_signed;
+
+		return semantics < other.semantics;
+	}
+
+	bool operator==(const RTLIL::SigSpec &other) const { return (sign != RTLIL::Const(0, 1)) ? false : sig == other; }
+	bool operator==(const ExtSigSpec &other) const { return is_signed == other.is_signed && sign == other.sign && sig == other.sig && semantics == other.semantics; }
+};
+
+#define BITWISE_OPS ID($_AND_), ID($_NAND_), ID($_OR_), ID($_NOR_), ID($_XOR_), ID($_XNOR_), ID($_ANDNOT_), ID($_ORNOT_), ID($and), ID($or), ID($xor), ID($xnor)
+
+#define REDUCTION_OPS ID($reduce_and), ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_xor), ID($reduce_xnor), ID($reduce_bool), ID($reduce_nand)
+
+#define LOGICAL_OPS ID($logic_and), ID($logic_or)
+
+#define SHIFT_OPS ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr), ID($shift), ID($shiftx)
+
+#define RELATIONAL_OPS ID($lt), ID($le), ID($eq), ID($ne), ID($eqx), ID($nex), ID($ge), ID($gt)
+
+bool cell_supported(RTLIL::Cell *cell)
+{
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($alu))) {
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_bi = cell->getPort(ID(BI));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_ci = cell->getPort(ID(CI));
+
+		if (sig_bi.is_fully_const() && sig_ci.is_fully_const() && sig_bi == sig_ci)
+			return true;
+	} else if (cell->type.in(LOGICAL_OPS, SHIFT_OPS, BITWISE_OPS, RELATIONAL_OPS, ID($add), ID($sub), ID($mul), ID($div), ID($mod), ID($concat))) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+std::map<IdString, IdString> mergeable_type_map{
+  {ID($sub), ID($add)},
+};
+
+bool mergeable(RTLIL::Cell *a, RTLIL::Cell *b)
+{
+	auto a_type = a->type;
+	if (mergeable_type_map.count(a_type))
+		a_type = mergeable_type_map.at(a_type);
+
+	auto b_type = b->type;
+	if (mergeable_type_map.count(b_type))
+		b_type = mergeable_type_map.at(b_type);
+
+	return a_type == b_type;
+}
+
+RTLIL::IdString decode_port_semantics(RTLIL::Cell *cell, RTLIL::IdString port_name)
+{
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($lt), ID($le), ID($ge), ID($gt), ID($div), ID($mod), ID($concat), SHIFT_OPS) && port_name == ID(B))
+		return port_name;
+
+	return "";
+}
+
+RTLIL::SigSpec decode_port_sign(RTLIL::Cell *cell, RTLIL::IdString port_name) {
+
+	if (cell->type == ID($alu) && port_name == ID(B))
+		return cell->getPort(ID(BI));
+	else if (cell->type == ID($sub) && port_name == ID(B))
+		return RTLIL::Const(1, 1);
+
+	return RTLIL::Const(0, 1);
+}
+
+bool decode_port_signed(RTLIL::Cell *cell, RTLIL::IdString port_name)
+{
+	if (cell->type.in(BITWISE_OPS, LOGICAL_OPS))
+		return false;
+
+	if (cell->hasParam(port_name.str() + "_SIGNED"))
+		return cell->getParam(port_name.str() + "_SIGNED").as_bool();
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+ExtSigSpec decode_port(RTLIL::Cell *cell, RTLIL::IdString port_name, SigMap *sigmap)
+{
+	auto sig = (*sigmap)(cell->getPort(port_name));
+
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sign = decode_port_sign(cell, port_name);
+	RTLIL::IdString semantics = decode_port_semantics(cell, port_name);
+
+	bool is_signed = decode_port_signed(cell, port_name);
+
+	return ExtSigSpec(sig, sign, is_signed, semantics);
+}
+
+void merge_operators(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *mux, const std::vector<OpMuxConn> &ports, const ExtSigSpec &operand)
+{
+	std::vector<ExtSigSpec> muxed_operands;
+	int max_width = 0;
+	for (const auto& p : ports) {
+		auto op = p.op;
+
+		RTLIL::IdString muxed_port_name = ID(A);
+		if (decode_port(op, ID(A), &assign_map) == operand)
+			muxed_port_name = ID(B);
+
+		auto operand = decode_port(op, muxed_port_name, &assign_map);
+		if (operand.sig.size() > max_width)
+			max_width = operand.sig.size();
+
+		muxed_operands.push_back(operand);
+	}
+
+	auto shared_op = ports[0].op;
+
+	if (std::any_of(muxed_operands.begin(), muxed_operands.end(), [&](ExtSigSpec &op) { return op.sign != muxed_operands[0].sign; }))
+        max_width = std::max(max_width, shared_op->getParam(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int());
+
+
+	for (auto &operand : muxed_operands)
+		operand.sig.extend_u0(max_width, operand.is_signed);
+
+	for (const auto& p : ports) {
+		auto op = p.op;
+		if (op == shared_op)
+			continue;
+		module->remove(op);
+	}
+
+	for (auto &muxed_op : muxed_operands)
+		if (muxed_op.sign != muxed_operands[0].sign)
+			muxed_op = ExtSigSpec(module->Neg(NEW_ID, muxed_op.sig, muxed_op.is_signed));
+
+	RTLIL::SigSpec mux_y = mux->getPort(ID(Y));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec mux_a = mux->getPort(ID(A));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec mux_b = mux->getPort(ID(B));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec mux_s = mux->getPort(ID(S));
+
+	RTLIL::SigSpec shared_pmux_a = RTLIL::Const(RTLIL::State::Sx, max_width);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec shared_pmux_b;
+	RTLIL::SigSpec shared_pmux_s;
+
+	int conn_width = ports[0].sig.size();
+	int conn_offset = ports[0].mux_port_offset;
+
+	shared_op->setPort(ID(Y), shared_op->getPort(ID(Y)).extract(0, conn_width));
+
+	if (mux->type == ID($pmux)) {
+		shared_pmux_s = RTLIL::SigSpec();
+
+		for (const auto &p : ports) {
+			shared_pmux_s.append(mux_s[p.mux_port_id]);
+			mux_b.replace(p.mux_port_id * mux_a.size() + conn_offset, shared_op->getPort(ID(Y)));
+		}
+	} else {
+		shared_pmux_s = RTLIL::SigSpec{mux_s, module->Not(NEW_ID, mux_s)};
+		mux_a.replace(conn_offset, shared_op->getPort(ID(Y)));
+		mux_b.replace(conn_offset, shared_op->getPort(ID(Y)));
+	}
+
+	mux->setPort(ID(A), mux_a);
+	mux->setPort(ID(B), mux_b);
+	mux->setPort(ID(Y), mux_y);
+	mux->setPort(ID(S), mux_s);
+
+	for (const auto &op : muxed_operands)
+		shared_pmux_b.append(op.sig);
+
+	auto mux_to_oper = module->Pmux(NEW_ID, shared_pmux_a, shared_pmux_b, shared_pmux_s);
+
+	if (shared_op->type.in(ID($alu))) {
+		RTLIL::SigSpec alu_x = shared_op->getPort(ID(X));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec alu_co = shared_op->getPort(ID(CO));
+
+		shared_op->setPort(ID(X), alu_x.extract(0, conn_width));
+		shared_op->setPort(ID(CO), alu_co.extract(0, conn_width));
+	}
+
+	shared_op->setParam(ID(Y_WIDTH), conn_width);
+
+	if (decode_port(shared_op, ID(A), &assign_map) == operand) {
+		shared_op->setPort(ID(B), mux_to_oper);
+		shared_op->setParam(ID(B_WIDTH), max_width);
+	} else {
+		shared_op->setPort(ID(A), mux_to_oper);
+		shared_op->setParam(ID(A_WIDTH), max_width);
+	}
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+	RTLIL::Cell *mux;
+	std::vector<OpMuxConn> ports;
+	ExtSigSpec shared_operand;
+} merged_op_t;
+
+
+template <typename T> void remove_val(std::vector<T> &v, const std::vector<T> &vals)
+{
+	auto val_iter = vals.rbegin();
+	for (auto i = v.rbegin(); i != v.rend(); ++i)
+		if ((val_iter != vals.rend()) && (*i == *val_iter)) {
+			v.erase(i.base() - 1);
+			++val_iter;
+		}
+}
+
+void check_muxed_operands(std::vector<const OpMuxConn *> &ports, const ExtSigSpec &shared_operand)
+{
+	auto it = ports.begin();
+	ExtSigSpec seed;
+
+	while (it != ports.end()) {
+		auto p = *it;
+		auto op = p->op;
+
+		RTLIL::IdString muxed_port_name = ID(A);
+		if (decode_port(op, ID(A), &assign_map) == shared_operand) {
+			muxed_port_name = ID(B);
+		}
+
+		auto operand = decode_port(op, muxed_port_name, &assign_map);
+
+		if (seed.empty())
+			seed = operand;
+
+		if (operand.is_signed != seed.is_signed) {
+			ports.erase(it);
+		} else {
+			++it;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+ExtSigSpec find_shared_operand(const OpMuxConn* seed, std::vector<const OpMuxConn *> &ports, const std::map<ExtSigSpec, std::set<RTLIL::Cell *>> &operand_to_users)
+{
+	std::set<RTLIL::Cell *> ops_using_operand;
+	std::set<RTLIL::Cell *> ops_set;
+	for(const auto& p: ports)
+		ops_set.insert(p->op);
+
+	ExtSigSpec oper;
+
+	auto op_a = seed->op;
+
+	for (RTLIL::IdString port_name : {ID(A), ID(B)}) {
+		oper = decode_port(op_a, port_name, &assign_map);
+		auto operand_users = operand_to_users.at(oper);
+
+		if (operand_users.size() == 1)
+			continue;
+
+		ops_using_operand.clear();
+		for (auto mux_ops: ops_set)
+			if (operand_users.count(mux_ops))
+				ops_using_operand.insert(mux_ops);
+
+		if (ops_using_operand.size() > 1) {
+			ports.erase(std::remove_if(ports.begin(), ports.end(), [&](const OpMuxConn *p) { return !ops_using_operand.count(p->op); }),
+						ports.end());
+			return oper;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ExtSigSpec();
+}
+
+dict<RTLIL::SigSpec, OpMuxConn> find_valid_op_mux_conns(RTLIL::Module *module, dict<RTLIL::SigBit, RTLIL::SigSpec> &op_outbit_to_outsig,
+							dict<RTLIL::SigSpec, RTLIL::Cell *> outsig_to_operator,
+							dict<RTLIL::SigBit, RTLIL::SigSpec> &op_aux_to_outsig)
+{
+	dict<RTLIL::SigSpec, int> op_outsig_user_track;
+	dict<RTLIL::SigSpec, OpMuxConn> op_mux_conn_map;
+
+	std::function<void(RTLIL::SigSpec)> remove_outsig = [&](RTLIL::SigSpec outsig) {
+		for (auto op_outbit : outsig)
+			op_outbit_to_outsig.erase(op_outbit);
+
+		if (op_mux_conn_map.count(outsig))
+			op_mux_conn_map.erase(outsig);
+	};
+
+	std::function<void(RTLIL::SigBit)> remove_outsig_from_aux_bit = [&](RTLIL::SigBit auxbit) {
+		auto aux_outsig = op_aux_to_outsig.at(auxbit);
+		auto op = outsig_to_operator.at(aux_outsig);
+		auto op_outsig = assign_map(op->getPort(ID(Y)));
+		remove_outsig(op_outsig);
+
+		for (auto aux_outbit : aux_outsig)
+			op_aux_to_outsig.erase(aux_outbit);
+	};
+
+	std::function<void(RTLIL::Cell *)> find_op_mux_conns = [&](RTLIL::Cell *mux) {
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig;
+		int mux_port_size;
+
+		if (mux->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_))) {
+			mux_port_size = mux->getPort(ID(A)).size();
+			sig = RTLIL::SigSpec{mux->getPort(ID(B)), mux->getPort(ID(A))};
+		} else {
+			mux_port_size = mux->getPort(ID(A)).size();
+			sig = mux->getPort(ID(B));
+		}
+
+		auto mux_insig = assign_map(sig);
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < mux_insig.size(); ++i) {
+			if (op_aux_to_outsig.count(mux_insig[i])) {
+				remove_outsig_from_aux_bit(mux_insig[i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (!op_outbit_to_outsig.count(mux_insig[i]))
+				continue;
+
+			auto op_outsig = op_outbit_to_outsig.at(mux_insig[i]);
+
+			if (op_mux_conn_map.count(op_outsig)) {
+				remove_outsig(op_outsig);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			int mux_port_id = i / mux_port_size;
+			int mux_port_offset = i % mux_port_size;
+
+			int op_outsig_offset;
+			for (op_outsig_offset = 0; op_outsig[op_outsig_offset] != mux_insig[i]; ++op_outsig_offset)
+				;
+
+			int j = op_outsig_offset;
+			do {
+				if (!op_outbit_to_outsig.count(mux_insig[i]))
+					break;
+
+				if (op_outbit_to_outsig.at(mux_insig[i]) != op_outsig)
+					break;
+
+				++i;
+				++j;
+			} while ((i / mux_port_size == mux_port_id) && (j < op_outsig.size()));
+
+			int op_conn_width = j - op_outsig_offset;
+			OpMuxConn inp = {
+				op_outsig.extract(op_outsig_offset, op_conn_width),
+				mux,
+				outsig_to_operator.at(op_outsig),
+				mux_port_id,
+				mux_port_offset,
+				op_outsig_offset,
+			};
+
+			op_mux_conn_map[op_outsig] = inp;
+
+			--i;
+		}
+	};
+
+	std::function<void(RTLIL::SigSpec)> remove_connected_ops = [&](RTLIL::SigSpec sig) {
+		auto mux_insig = assign_map(sig);
+		for (auto outbit : mux_insig) {
+			if (op_aux_to_outsig.count(outbit)) {
+				remove_outsig_from_aux_bit(outbit);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (!op_outbit_to_outsig.count(outbit))
+				continue;
+
+			remove_outsig(op_outbit_to_outsig.at(outbit));
+		}
+	};
+
+	for (auto cell : module->cells()) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_), ID($pmux))) {
+			remove_connected_ops(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+			find_op_mux_conns(cell);
+		} else {
+			for (auto &conn : cell->connections())
+				if (cell->input(conn.first))
+					remove_connected_ops(conn.second);
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (auto w : module->wires()) {
+		if (!w->port_output)
+			continue;
+
+		remove_connected_ops(w);
+	}
+
+	return op_mux_conn_map;
+}
+
+struct OptSharePass : public Pass {
+	OptSharePass() : Pass("opt_share", "merge mutually exclusive cells of the same type that share an input signal") {}
+	void help() YS_OVERRIDE
+	{
+		//   |---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|
+		log("\n");
+		log("    opt_share [selection]\n");
+		log("\n");
+
+		log("This pass identifies mutually exclusive cells of the same type that:\n");
+		log("    (a) share an input signal,\n");
+		log("    (b) drive the same $mux, $_MUX_, or $pmux multiplexing cell,\n");
+		log("\n");
+		log("allowing the cell to be merged and the multiplexer to be moved from\n");
+		log("multiplexing its output to multiplexing the non-shared input signals.\n");
+		log("\n");
+	}
+	void execute(std::vector<std::string> args, RTLIL::Design *design) YS_OVERRIDE
+	{
+
+		log_header(design, "Executing OPT_SHARE pass.\n");
+
+		extra_args(args, 1, design);
+		for (auto module : design->selected_modules()) {
+			assign_map.clear();
+			assign_map.set(module);
+
+			std::map<ExtSigSpec, std::set<RTLIL::Cell *>> operand_to_users;
+			dict<RTLIL::SigSpec, RTLIL::Cell *> outsig_to_operator;
+			dict<RTLIL::SigBit, RTLIL::SigSpec> op_outbit_to_outsig;
+			dict<RTLIL::SigBit, RTLIL::SigSpec> op_aux_to_outsig;
+			bool any_shared_operands = false;
+			std::vector<ExtSigSpec> op_insigs;
+
+			for (auto cell : module->cells()) {
+				if (!cell_supported(cell))
+					continue;
+
+				if (cell->type == ID($alu)) {
+					for (RTLIL::IdString port_name : {ID(X), ID(CO)}) {
+						auto mux_insig = assign_map(cell->getPort(port_name));
+						outsig_to_operator[mux_insig] = cell;
+						for (auto outbit : mux_insig)
+							op_aux_to_outsig[outbit] = mux_insig;
+					}
+				}
+
+				auto mux_insig = assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(Y)));
+				outsig_to_operator[mux_insig] = cell;
+				for (auto outbit : mux_insig)
+					op_outbit_to_outsig[outbit] = mux_insig;
+
+				for (RTLIL::IdString port_name : {ID(A), ID(B)}) {
+					auto op_insig = decode_port(cell, port_name, &assign_map);
+					op_insigs.push_back(op_insig);
+					operand_to_users[op_insig].insert(cell);
+					if (operand_to_users[op_insig].size() > 1)
+						any_shared_operands = true;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (!any_shared_operands)
+				continue;
+
+			// Operator outputs need to be exclusively connected to the $mux inputs in order to be mergeable. Hence we count to
+			// how many points are operator output bits connected.
+			dict<RTLIL::SigSpec, OpMuxConn> op_mux_conn_map =
+			  find_valid_op_mux_conns(module, op_outbit_to_outsig, outsig_to_operator, op_aux_to_outsig);
+
+			// Group op connections connected to same ports of the same $mux. Sort them in ascending order of their port offset
+			dict<RTLIL::Cell*, std::vector<std::set<OpMuxConn>>> mux_port_op_conns;
+			for (auto& val: op_mux_conn_map) {
+				OpMuxConn p = val.second;
+				auto& mux_port_conns = mux_port_op_conns[p.mux];
+
+				if (mux_port_conns.size() == 0) {
+					int mux_port_num;
+
+					if (p.mux->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_)))
+						mux_port_num = 2;
+					else
+						mux_port_num = p.mux->getPort(ID(S)).size();
+
+					mux_port_conns.resize(mux_port_num);
+				}
+
+				mux_port_conns[p.mux_port_id].insert(p);
+			}
+
+			std::vector<merged_op_t> merged_ops;
+			for (auto& val: mux_port_op_conns) {
+
+				RTLIL::Cell* cell = val.first;
+				auto &mux_port_conns = val.second;
+
+				const OpMuxConn *seed = NULL;
+
+				// Look through the bits of the $mux inputs and see which of them are connected to the operator
+				// results. Operator results can be concatenated with other signals before led to the $mux.
+				while (true) {
+
+					// Remove either the merged ports from the last iteration or the seed that failed to yield a merger
+					if (seed != NULL) {
+						mux_port_conns[seed->mux_port_id].erase(*seed);
+						seed = NULL;
+					}
+
+					// For a new merger, find the seed op connection that starts at lowest port offset among port connections
+					for (auto &port_conns : mux_port_conns) {
+						if (!port_conns.size())
+							continue;
+
+						const OpMuxConn *next_p = &(*port_conns.begin());
+
+						if ((seed == NULL) || (seed->mux_port_offset > next_p->mux_port_offset))
+							seed = next_p;
+					}
+
+					// Cannot find the seed -> nothing to do for this $mux anymore
+					if (seed == NULL)
+						break;
+
+					// Find all other op connections that start from the same port offset, and whose ops can be merged with the seed op
+					std::vector<const OpMuxConn *> mergeable_conns;
+					for (auto &port_conns : mux_port_conns) {
+						if (!port_conns.size())
+							continue;
+
+						const OpMuxConn *next_p = &(*port_conns.begin());
+
+						if ((next_p->op_outsig_offset == seed->op_outsig_offset) &&
+						    (next_p->mux_port_offset == seed->mux_port_offset) && mergeable(next_p->op, seed->op) &&
+						    next_p->sig.size() == seed->sig.size())
+							mergeable_conns.push_back(next_p);
+					}
+
+					// We need at least two mergeable connections for the merger
+					if (mergeable_conns.size() < 2)
+						continue;
+
+					// Filter mergeable connections whose ops share an operand with seed connection's op
+					auto shared_operand = find_shared_operand(seed, mergeable_conns, operand_to_users);
+
+					if (shared_operand.empty())
+						continue;
+
+					check_muxed_operands(mergeable_conns, shared_operand);
+
+					if (mergeable_conns.size() < 2)
+						continue;
+
+					// Remember the combination for the merger
+					std::vector<OpMuxConn> merged_ports;
+					for (auto p : mergeable_conns) {
+						merged_ports.push_back(*p);
+						mux_port_conns[p->mux_port_id].erase(*p);
+					}
+
+					seed = NULL;
+
+					merged_ops.push_back(merged_op_t{cell, merged_ports, shared_operand});
+
+					design->scratchpad_set_bool("opt.did_something", true);
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			for (auto &shared : merged_ops) {
+				log("    Found cells that share an operand and can be merged by moving the %s %s in front "
+				    "of "
+				    "them:\n",
+				    log_id(shared.mux->type), log_id(shared.mux));
+				for (const auto& op : shared.ports)
+					log("        %s\n", log_id(op.op));
+				log("\n");
+
+				merge_operators(module, shared.mux, shared.ports, shared.shared_operand);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+} OptSharePass;
+
+PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/passes/opt/pmux2shiftx.cc b/passes/opt/pmux2shiftx.cc
index 65d8b8f32..92b5794ac 100644
--- a/passes/opt/pmux2shiftx.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/pmux2shiftx.cc
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ struct OnehotDatabase
 
 		for (auto wire : module->wires())
 		{
-			auto it = wire->attributes.find("\\init");
+			auto it = wire->attributes.find(ID(init));
 			if (it == wire->attributes.end())
 				continue;
 
@@ -63,19 +63,19 @@ struct OnehotDatabase
 			vector<SigSpec> inputs;
 			SigSpec output;
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$adff", "$dff", "$dffe", "$dlatch", "$ff"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($adff), ID($dff), ID($dffe), ID($dlatch), ID($ff)))
 			{
-				output = cell->getPort("\\Q");
-				if (cell->type == "$adff")
-					inputs.push_back(cell->getParam("\\ARST_VALUE"));
-				inputs.push_back(cell->getPort("\\D"));
+				output = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
+				if (cell->type == ID($adff))
+					inputs.push_back(cell->getParam(ID(ARST_VALUE)));
+				inputs.push_back(cell->getPort(ID(D)));
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux)))
 			{
-				output = cell->getPort("\\Y");
-				inputs.push_back(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				SigSpec B = cell->getPort("\\B");
+				output = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
+				inputs.push_back(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				SigSpec B = cell->getPort(ID::B);
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(B); i += GetSize(output))
 					inputs.push_back(B.extract(i, GetSize(output)));
 			}
@@ -292,23 +292,23 @@ struct Pmux2ShiftxPass : public Pass {
 
 			for (auto cell : module->cells())
 			{
-				if (cell->type == "$eq")
+				if (cell->type == ID($eq))
 				{
 					dict<SigBit, State> bits;
 
-					SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-					SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+					SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+					SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
-					int a_width = cell->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-					int b_width = cell->getParam("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
+					int a_width = cell->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+					int b_width = cell->getParam(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
 					if (a_width < b_width) {
-						bool a_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_int();
+						bool a_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_int();
 						A.extend_u0(b_width, a_signed);
 					}
 
 					if (b_width < a_width) {
-						bool b_signed = cell->getParam("\\B_SIGNED").as_int();
+						bool b_signed = cell->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_int();
 						B.extend_u0(a_width, b_signed);
 					}
 
@@ -335,15 +335,15 @@ struct Pmux2ShiftxPass : public Pass {
 						entry.second.bits.push_back(it.second);
 					}
 
-					eqdb[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y")[0])] = entry;
+					eqdb[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y)[0])] = entry;
 					goto next_cell;
 				}
 
-				if (cell->type == "$logic_not")
+				if (cell->type == ID($logic_not))
 				{
 					dict<SigBit, State> bits;
 
-					SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+					SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 
 					for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(A); i++)
 						bits[A[i]] = State::S0;
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ struct Pmux2ShiftxPass : public Pass {
 						entry.second.bits.push_back(it.second);
 					}
 
-					eqdb[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y")[0])] = entry;
+					eqdb[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y)[0])] = entry;
 					goto next_cell;
 				}
 		next_cell:;
@@ -364,11 +364,11 @@ struct Pmux2ShiftxPass : public Pass {
 
 			for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 			{
-				if (cell->type != "$pmux")
+				if (cell->type != ID($pmux))
 					continue;
 
 				string src = cell->get_src_attribute();
-				int width = cell->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
+				int width = cell->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
 				int width_bits = ceil_log2(width);
 				int extwidth = width;
 
@@ -377,9 +377,9 @@ struct Pmux2ShiftxPass : public Pass {
 
 				dict<SigSpec, pool<int>> seldb;
 
-				SigSpec A = cell->getPort("\\A");
-				SigSpec B = cell->getPort("\\B");
-				SigSpec S = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\S"));
+				SigSpec A = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+				SigSpec B = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+				SigSpec S = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(S); i++)
 				{
 					if (!eqdb.count(S[i]))
@@ -400,8 +400,8 @@ struct Pmux2ShiftxPass : public Pass {
 					log("  data width: %d (next power-of-2 = %d, log2 = %d)\n", width, extwidth, width_bits);
 				}
 
-				SigSpec updated_S = cell->getPort("\\S");
-				SigSpec updated_B = cell->getPort("\\B");
+				SigSpec updated_S = cell->getPort(ID(S));
+				SigSpec updated_B = cell->getPort(ID::B);
 
 				while (!seldb.empty())
 				{
@@ -727,9 +727,9 @@ struct Pmux2ShiftxPass : public Pass {
 				}
 
 				// update $pmux cell
-				cell->setPort("\\S", updated_S);
-				cell->setPort("\\B", updated_B);
-				cell->setParam("\\S_WIDTH", GetSize(updated_S));
+				cell->setPort(ID(S), updated_S);
+				cell->setPort(ID::B, updated_B);
+				cell->setParam(ID(S_WIDTH), GetSize(updated_S));
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -779,22 +779,22 @@ struct OnehotPass : public Pass {
 
 			for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 			{
-				if (cell->type != "$eq")
+				if (cell->type != ID($eq))
 					continue;
 
-				SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
-				int a_width = cell->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int b_width = cell->getParam("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
+				int a_width = cell->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int b_width = cell->getParam(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
 				if (a_width < b_width) {
-					bool a_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_int();
+					bool a_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_int();
 					A.extend_u0(b_width, a_signed);
 				}
 
 				if (b_width < a_width) {
-					bool b_signed = cell->getParam("\\B_SIGNED").as_int();
+					bool b_signed = cell->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_int();
 					B.extend_u0(a_width, b_signed);
 				}
 
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ struct OnehotPass : public Pass {
 					continue;
 				}
 
-				SigSpec Y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+				SigSpec Y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 				if (not_onehot)
 				{
diff --git a/passes/opt/share.cc b/passes/opt/share.cc
index 7f66f749f..92ce3fd11 100644
--- a/passes/opt/share.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/share.cc
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			queue_bits.clear();
 
 			for (auto &pbit : portbits) {
-				if (pbit.cell->type == "$mux" || pbit.cell->type == "$pmux") {
-					pool<RTLIL::SigBit> bits = modwalker.sigmap(pbit.cell->getPort("\\S")).to_sigbit_pool();
+				if (pbit.cell->type == ID($mux) || pbit.cell->type == ID($pmux)) {
+					pool<RTLIL::SigBit> bits = modwalker.sigmap(pbit.cell->getPort(ID(S))).to_sigbit_pool();
 					terminal_bits.insert(bits.begin(), bits.end());
 					queue_bits.insert(bits.begin(), bits.end());
 					visited_cells.insert(pbit.cell);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ struct ShareWorker
 	static int bits_macc(RTLIL::Cell *c)
 	{
 		Macc m(c);
-		int width = GetSize(c->getPort("\\Y"));
+		int width = GetSize(c->getPort(ID::Y));
 		return bits_macc(m, width);
 	}
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ struct ShareWorker
 	{
 		Macc m1(c1), m2(c2), supermacc;
 
-		int w1 = GetSize(c1->getPort("\\Y")), w2 = GetSize(c2->getPort("\\Y"));
+		int w1 = GetSize(c1->getPort(ID::Y)), w2 = GetSize(c2->getPort(ID::Y));
 		int width = max(w1, w2);
 
 		m1.optimize(w1);
@@ -328,11 +328,11 @@ struct ShareWorker
 		{
 			RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = module->addWire(NEW_ID, width);
 
-			supercell_aux->insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, sig_y, c1->getPort("\\Y")));
-			supercell_aux->insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, sig_y, c2->getPort("\\Y")));
+			supercell_aux->insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, sig_y, c1->getPort(ID::Y)));
+			supercell_aux->insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, sig_y, c2->getPort(ID::Y)));
 
-			supercell->setParam("\\Y_WIDTH", width);
-			supercell->setPort("\\Y", sig_y);
+			supercell->setParam(ID(Y_WIDTH), width);
+			supercell->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y);
 
 			supermacc.optimize(width);
 			supermacc.to_cell(supercell);
@@ -368,22 +368,22 @@ struct ShareWorker
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type == "$memrd") {
-				if (cell->parameters.at("\\CLK_ENABLE").as_bool())
+			if (cell->type == ID($memrd)) {
+				if (cell->parameters.at(ID(CLK_ENABLE)).as_bool())
 					continue;
-				if (config.opt_aggressive || !modwalker.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\ADDR")).is_fully_const())
+				if (config.opt_aggressive || !modwalker.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(ADDR))).is_fully_const())
 					shareable_cells.insert(cell);
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$mul", "$div", "$mod")) {
-				if (config.opt_aggressive || cell->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int() >= 4)
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mul), ID($div), ID($mod))) {
+				if (config.opt_aggressive || cell->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int() >= 4)
 					shareable_cells.insert(cell);
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr")) {
-				if (config.opt_aggressive || cell->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int() >= 8)
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr))) {
+				if (config.opt_aggressive || cell->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int() >= 8)
 					shareable_cells.insert(cell);
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -401,9 +401,9 @@ struct ShareWorker
 		if (c1->type != c2->type)
 			return false;
 
-		if (c1->type == "$memrd")
+		if (c1->type == ID($memrd))
 		{
-			if (c1->parameters.at("\\MEMID").decode_string() != c2->parameters.at("\\MEMID").decode_string())
+			if (c1->parameters.at(ID(MEMID)).decode_string() != c2->parameters.at(ID(MEMID)).decode_string())
 				return false;
 
 			return true;
@@ -413,11 +413,11 @@ struct ShareWorker
 		{
 			if (!config.opt_aggressive)
 			{
-				int a1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int y1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int();
+				int a1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int y1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
-				int a2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int y2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int();
+				int a2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int y2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
 				if (max(a1_width, a2_width) > 2 * min(a1_width, a2_width)) return false;
 				if (max(y1_width, y2_width) > 2 * min(y1_width, y2_width)) return false;
@@ -426,17 +426,17 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			return true;
 		}
 
-		if (config.generic_bin_ops.count(c1->type) || c1->type == "$alu")
+		if (config.generic_bin_ops.count(c1->type) || c1->type == ID($alu))
 		{
 			if (!config.opt_aggressive)
 			{
-				int a1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int b1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int y1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int();
+				int a1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int b1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int y1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
-				int a2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int b2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int y2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int();
+				int a2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int b2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int y2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
 				if (max(a1_width, a2_width) > 2 * min(a1_width, a2_width)) return false;
 				if (max(b1_width, b2_width) > 2 * min(b1_width, b2_width)) return false;
@@ -450,13 +450,13 @@ struct ShareWorker
 		{
 			if (!config.opt_aggressive)
 			{
-				int a1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int b1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int y1_width = c1->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int();
+				int a1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int b1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int y1_width = c1->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
-				int a2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int b2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
-				int y2_width = c2->parameters.at("\\Y_WIDTH").as_int();
+				int a2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int b2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
+				int y2_width = c2->parameters.at(ID(Y_WIDTH)).as_int();
 
 				int min1_width = min(a1_width, b1_width);
 				int max1_width = max(a1_width, b1_width);
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			return true;
 		}
 
-		if (c1->type == "$macc")
+		if (c1->type == ID($macc))
 		{
 			if (!config.opt_aggressive)
 				if (share_macc(c1, c2) > 2 * min(bits_macc(c1), bits_macc(c2))) return false;
@@ -510,27 +510,27 @@ struct ShareWorker
 
 		if (config.generic_uni_ops.count(c1->type))
 		{
-			if (c1->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool() != c2->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool())
+			if (c1->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool() != c2->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool())
 			{
-				RTLIL::Cell *unsigned_cell = c1->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool() ? c2 : c1;
-				if (unsigned_cell->getPort("\\A").to_sigbit_vector().back() != RTLIL::State::S0) {
-					unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH") = unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int() + 1;
-					RTLIL::SigSpec new_a = unsigned_cell->getPort("\\A");
+				RTLIL::Cell *unsigned_cell = c1->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool() ? c2 : c1;
+				if (unsigned_cell->getPort(ID::A).to_sigbit_vector().back() != RTLIL::State::S0) {
+					unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)) = unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int() + 1;
+					RTLIL::SigSpec new_a = unsigned_cell->getPort(ID::A);
 					new_a.append_bit(RTLIL::State::S0);
-					unsigned_cell->setPort("\\A", new_a);
+					unsigned_cell->setPort(ID::A, new_a);
 				}
-				unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED") = true;
+				unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)) = true;
 				unsigned_cell->check();
 			}
 
-			bool a_signed = c1->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-			log_assert(a_signed == c2->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool());
+			bool a_signed = c1->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+			log_assert(a_signed == c2->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool());
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a1 = c1->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec y1 = c1->getPort("\\Y");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a1 = c1->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec y1 = c1->getPort(ID::Y);
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a2 = c2->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec y2 = c2->getPort("\\Y");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a2 = c2->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec y2 = c2->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 			int a_width = max(a1.size(), a2.size());
 			int y_width = max(y1.size(), y2.size());
@@ -544,11 +544,11 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			RTLIL::Wire *y = module->addWire(NEW_ID, y_width);
 
 			RTLIL::Cell *supercell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, c1->type);
-			supercell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"] = a_signed;
-			supercell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = a_width;
-			supercell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"] = y_width;
-			supercell->setPort("\\A", a);
-			supercell->setPort("\\Y", y);
+			supercell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)] = a_signed;
+			supercell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = a_width;
+			supercell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)] = y_width;
+			supercell->setPort(ID::A, a);
+			supercell->setPort(ID::Y, y);
 
 			supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, y, y1));
 			supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, y, y2));
@@ -557,54 +557,54 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			return supercell;
 		}
 
-		if (config.generic_bin_ops.count(c1->type) || config.generic_cbin_ops.count(c1->type) || c1->type == "$alu")
+		if (config.generic_bin_ops.count(c1->type) || config.generic_cbin_ops.count(c1->type) || c1->type == ID($alu))
 		{
 			bool modified_src_cells = false;
 
 			if (config.generic_cbin_ops.count(c1->type))
 			{
-				int score_unflipped = max(c1->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int(), c2->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int()) +
-						max(c1->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int(), c2->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int());
+				int score_unflipped = max(c1->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int(), c2->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int()) +
+						max(c1->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int(), c2->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int());
 
-				int score_flipped = max(c1->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int(), c2->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int()) +
-						max(c1->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int(), c2->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int());
+				int score_flipped = max(c1->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int(), c2->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int()) +
+						max(c1->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int(), c2->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int());
 
 				if (score_flipped < score_unflipped)
 				{
-					RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = c2->getPort("\\A");
-					c2->setPort("\\A", c2->getPort("\\B"));
-					c2->setPort("\\B", tmp);
+					RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = c2->getPort(ID::A);
+					c2->setPort(ID::A, c2->getPort(ID::B));
+					c2->setPort(ID::B, tmp);
 
-					std::swap(c2->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH"), c2->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH"));
-					std::swap(c2->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED"), c2->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED"));
+					std::swap(c2->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)), c2->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)));
+					std::swap(c2->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)), c2->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)));
 					modified_src_cells = true;
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (c1->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool() != c2->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool())
+			if (c1->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool() != c2->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool())
 
 			{
-				RTLIL::Cell *unsigned_cell = c1->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool() ? c2 : c1;
-				if (unsigned_cell->getPort("\\A").to_sigbit_vector().back() != RTLIL::State::S0) {
-					unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH") = unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\A_WIDTH").as_int() + 1;
-					RTLIL::SigSpec new_a = unsigned_cell->getPort("\\A");
+				RTLIL::Cell *unsigned_cell = c1->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool() ? c2 : c1;
+				if (unsigned_cell->getPort(ID::A).to_sigbit_vector().back() != RTLIL::State::S0) {
+					unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)) = unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int() + 1;
+					RTLIL::SigSpec new_a = unsigned_cell->getPort(ID::A);
 					new_a.append_bit(RTLIL::State::S0);
-					unsigned_cell->setPort("\\A", new_a);
+					unsigned_cell->setPort(ID::A, new_a);
 				}
-				unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED") = true;
+				unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)) = true;
 				modified_src_cells = true;
 			}
 
-			if (c1->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool() != c2->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool())
+			if (c1->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool() != c2->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool())
 			{
-				RTLIL::Cell *unsigned_cell = c1->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool() ? c2 : c1;
-				if (unsigned_cell->getPort("\\B").to_sigbit_vector().back() != RTLIL::State::S0) {
-					unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH") = unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\B_WIDTH").as_int() + 1;
-					RTLIL::SigSpec new_b = unsigned_cell->getPort("\\B");
+				RTLIL::Cell *unsigned_cell = c1->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool() ? c2 : c1;
+				if (unsigned_cell->getPort(ID::B).to_sigbit_vector().back() != RTLIL::State::S0) {
+					unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)) = unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int() + 1;
+					RTLIL::SigSpec new_b = unsigned_cell->getPort(ID::B);
 					new_b.append_bit(RTLIL::State::S0);
-					unsigned_cell->setPort("\\B", new_b);
+					unsigned_cell->setPort(ID::B, new_b);
 				}
-				unsigned_cell->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED") = true;
+				unsigned_cell->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)) = true;
 				modified_src_cells = true;
 			}
 
@@ -613,28 +613,28 @@ struct ShareWorker
 				c2->check();
 			}
 
-			bool a_signed = c1->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-			bool b_signed = c1->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool();
+			bool a_signed = c1->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+			bool b_signed = c1->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 
-			log_assert(a_signed == c2->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool());
-			log_assert(b_signed == c2->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool());
+			log_assert(a_signed == c2->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool());
+			log_assert(b_signed == c2->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool());
 
-			if (c1->type == "$shl" || c1->type == "$shr" || c1->type == "$sshl" || c1->type == "$sshr")
+			if (c1->type == ID($shl) || c1->type == ID($shr) || c1->type == ID($sshl) || c1->type == ID($sshr))
 				b_signed = false;
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a1 = c1->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec b1 = c1->getPort("\\B");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec y1 = c1->getPort("\\Y");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a1 = c1->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec b1 = c1->getPort(ID::B);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec y1 = c1->getPort(ID::Y);
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec a2 = c2->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec b2 = c2->getPort("\\B");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec y2 = c2->getPort("\\Y");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec a2 = c2->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec b2 = c2->getPort(ID::B);
+			RTLIL::SigSpec y2 = c2->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 			int a_width = max(a1.size(), a2.size());
 			int b_width = max(b1.size(), b2.size());
 			int y_width = max(y1.size(), y2.size());
 
-			if (c1->type == "$shr" && a_signed)
+			if (c1->type == ID($shr) && a_signed)
 			{
 				a_width = max(y_width, a_width);
 
@@ -660,43 +660,43 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			supercell_aux.insert(module->addMux(NEW_ID, b2, b1, act, b));
 
 			RTLIL::Wire *y = module->addWire(NEW_ID, y_width);
-			RTLIL::Wire *x = c1->type == "$alu" ? module->addWire(NEW_ID, y_width) : nullptr;
-			RTLIL::Wire *co = c1->type == "$alu" ? module->addWire(NEW_ID, y_width) : nullptr;
+			RTLIL::Wire *x = c1->type == ID($alu) ? module->addWire(NEW_ID, y_width) : nullptr;
+			RTLIL::Wire *co = c1->type == ID($alu) ? module->addWire(NEW_ID, y_width) : nullptr;
 
 			RTLIL::Cell *supercell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, c1->type);
-			supercell->parameters["\\A_SIGNED"] = a_signed;
-			supercell->parameters["\\B_SIGNED"] = b_signed;
-			supercell->parameters["\\A_WIDTH"] = a_width;
-			supercell->parameters["\\B_WIDTH"] = b_width;
-			supercell->parameters["\\Y_WIDTH"] = y_width;
-			supercell->setPort("\\A", a);
-			supercell->setPort("\\B", b);
-			supercell->setPort("\\Y", y);
-			if (c1->type == "$alu") {
+			supercell->parameters[ID(A_SIGNED)] = a_signed;
+			supercell->parameters[ID(B_SIGNED)] = b_signed;
+			supercell->parameters[ID(A_WIDTH)] = a_width;
+			supercell->parameters[ID(B_WIDTH)] = b_width;
+			supercell->parameters[ID(Y_WIDTH)] = y_width;
+			supercell->setPort(ID::A, a);
+			supercell->setPort(ID::B, b);
+			supercell->setPort(ID::Y, y);
+			if (c1->type == ID($alu)) {
 				RTLIL::Wire *ci = module->addWire(NEW_ID), *bi = module->addWire(NEW_ID);
-				supercell_aux.insert(module->addMux(NEW_ID, c2->getPort("\\CI"), c1->getPort("\\CI"), act, ci));
-				supercell_aux.insert(module->addMux(NEW_ID, c2->getPort("\\BI"), c1->getPort("\\BI"), act, bi));
-				supercell->setPort("\\CI", ci);
-				supercell->setPort("\\BI", bi);
-				supercell->setPort("\\CO", co);
-				supercell->setPort("\\X", x);
+				supercell_aux.insert(module->addMux(NEW_ID, c2->getPort(ID(CI)), c1->getPort(ID(CI)), act, ci));
+				supercell_aux.insert(module->addMux(NEW_ID, c2->getPort(ID(BI)), c1->getPort(ID(BI)), act, bi));
+				supercell->setPort(ID(CI), ci);
+				supercell->setPort(ID(BI), bi);
+				supercell->setPort(ID(CO), co);
+				supercell->setPort(ID(X), x);
 			}
 			supercell->check();
 
 			supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, y, y1));
 			supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, y, y2));
-			if (c1->type == "$alu") {
-				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, co, c1->getPort("\\CO")));
-				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, co, c2->getPort("\\CO")));
-				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, x, c1->getPort("\\X")));
-				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, x, c2->getPort("\\X")));
+			if (c1->type == ID($alu)) {
+				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, co, c1->getPort(ID(CO))));
+				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, co, c2->getPort(ID(CO))));
+				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, x, c1->getPort(ID(X))));
+				supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, x, c2->getPort(ID(X))));
 			}
 
 			supercell_aux.insert(supercell);
 			return supercell;
 		}
 
-		if (c1->type == "$macc")
+		if (c1->type == ID($macc))
 		{
 			RTLIL::Cell *supercell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, c1->type);
 			supercell_aux.insert(supercell);
@@ -705,18 +705,18 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			return supercell;
 		}
 
-		if (c1->type == "$memrd")
+		if (c1->type == ID($memrd))
 		{
 			RTLIL::Cell *supercell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, c1);
-			RTLIL::SigSpec addr1 = c1->getPort("\\ADDR");
-			RTLIL::SigSpec addr2 = c2->getPort("\\ADDR");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec addr1 = c1->getPort(ID(ADDR));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec addr2 = c2->getPort(ID(ADDR));
 			if (GetSize(addr1) < GetSize(addr2))
 				addr1.extend_u0(GetSize(addr2));
 			else
 				addr2.extend_u0(GetSize(addr1));
-			supercell->setPort("\\ADDR", addr1 != addr2 ? module->Mux(NEW_ID, addr2, addr1, act) : addr1);
-			supercell->parameters["\\ABITS"] = RTLIL::Const(GetSize(addr1));
-			supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, supercell->getPort("\\DATA"), c2->getPort("\\DATA")));
+			supercell->setPort(ID(ADDR), addr1 != addr2 ? module->Mux(NEW_ID, addr2, addr1, act) : addr1);
+			supercell->parameters[ID(ABITS)] = RTLIL::Const(GetSize(addr1));
+			supercell_aux.insert(module->addPos(NEW_ID, supercell->getPort(ID(DATA)), c2->getPort(ID(DATA))));
 			supercell_aux.insert(supercell);
 			return supercell;
 		}
@@ -747,8 +747,8 @@ struct ShareWorker
 		modwalker.get_consumers(pbits, modwalker.cell_outputs[cell]);
 
 		for (auto &bit : pbits) {
-			if ((bit.cell->type == "$mux" || bit.cell->type == "$pmux") && bit.port == "\\S")
-				forbidden_controls_cache[cell].insert(bit.cell->getPort("\\S").extract(bit.offset, 1));
+			if ((bit.cell->type == ID($mux) || bit.cell->type == ID($pmux)) && bit.port == ID(S))
+				forbidden_controls_cache[cell].insert(bit.cell->getPort(ID(S)).extract(bit.offset, 1));
 			consumer_cells.insert(bit.cell);
 		}
 
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			}
 			for (auto &pbit : modwalker.signal_consumers[bit]) {
 				log_assert(fwd_ct.cell_known(pbit.cell->type));
-				if ((pbit.cell->type == "$mux" || pbit.cell->type == "$pmux") && (pbit.port == "\\A" || pbit.port == "\\B"))
+				if ((pbit.cell->type == ID($mux) || pbit.cell->type == ID($pmux)) && (pbit.port == ID::A || pbit.port == ID::B))
 					driven_data_muxes.insert(pbit.cell);
 				else
 					driven_cells.insert(pbit.cell);
@@ -890,10 +890,10 @@ struct ShareWorker
 			bool used_in_a = false;
 			std::set<int> used_in_b_parts;
 
-			int width = c->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_a = modwalker.sigmap(c->getPort("\\A"));
-			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_b = modwalker.sigmap(c->getPort("\\B"));
-			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_s = modwalker.sigmap(c->getPort("\\S"));
+			int width = c->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_a = modwalker.sigmap(c->getPort(ID::A));
+			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_b = modwalker.sigmap(c->getPort(ID::B));
+			std::vector<RTLIL::SigBit> sig_s = modwalker.sigmap(c->getPort(ID(S)));
 
 			for (auto &bit : sig_a)
 				if (cell_out_bits.count(bit))
@@ -1132,14 +1132,14 @@ struct ShareWorker
 		fwd_ct.setup_internals();
 
 		cone_ct.setup_internals();
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$mul");
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$mod");
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$div");
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$pow");
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$shl");
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$shr");
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$sshl");
-		cone_ct.cell_types.erase("$sshr");
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($mul));
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($mod));
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($div));
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($pow));
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($shl));
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($shr));
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($sshl));
+		cone_ct.cell_types.erase(ID($sshr));
 
 		modwalker.setup(design, module);
 
@@ -1153,9 +1153,9 @@ struct ShareWorker
 				GetSize(shareable_cells), log_id(module));
 
 		for (auto cell : module->cells())
-			if (cell->type == "$pmux")
-				for (auto bit : cell->getPort("\\S"))
-				for (auto other_bit : cell->getPort("\\S"))
+			if (cell->type == ID($pmux))
+				for (auto bit : cell->getPort(ID(S)))
+				for (auto other_bit : cell->getPort(ID(S)))
 					if (bit < other_bit)
 						exclusive_ctrls.push_back(std::pair<RTLIL::SigBit, RTLIL::SigBit>(bit, other_bit));
 
@@ -1466,43 +1466,43 @@ struct SharePass : public Pass {
 		config.opt_aggressive = false;
 		config.opt_fast = false;
 
-		config.generic_uni_ops.insert("$not");
-		// config.generic_uni_ops.insert("$pos");
-		config.generic_uni_ops.insert("$neg");
-
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$and");
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$or");
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$xor");
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$xnor");
-
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$shl");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$shr");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$sshl");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$sshr");
-
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$lt");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$le");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$eq");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$ne");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$eqx");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$nex");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$ge");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$gt");
-
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$add");
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$mul");
-
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$sub");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$div");
-		config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$mod");
-		// config.generic_bin_ops.insert("$pow");
-
-		config.generic_uni_ops.insert("$logic_not");
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$logic_and");
-		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert("$logic_or");
-
-		config.generic_other_ops.insert("$alu");
-		config.generic_other_ops.insert("$macc");
+		config.generic_uni_ops.insert(ID($not));
+		// config.generic_uni_ops.insert(ID($pos));
+		config.generic_uni_ops.insert(ID($neg));
+
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($and));
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($or));
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($xor));
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($xnor));
+
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($shl));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($shr));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($sshl));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($sshr));
+
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($lt));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($le));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($eq));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($ne));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($eqx));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($nex));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($ge));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($gt));
+
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($add));
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($mul));
+
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($sub));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($div));
+		config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($mod));
+		// config.generic_bin_ops.insert(ID($pow));
+
+		config.generic_uni_ops.insert(ID($logic_not));
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($logic_and));
+		config.generic_cbin_ops.insert(ID($logic_or));
+
+		config.generic_other_ops.insert(ID($alu));
+		config.generic_other_ops.insert(ID($macc));
 
 		log_header(design, "Executing SHARE pass (SAT-based resource sharing).\n");
 
diff --git a/passes/opt/wreduce.cc b/passes/opt/wreduce.cc
index 1eeca2748..c02c355cb 100644
--- a/passes/opt/wreduce.cc
+++ b/passes/opt/wreduce.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include "kernel/modtools.h"
 
 USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
-using namespace RTLIL;
 
 PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
@@ -34,13 +33,13 @@ struct WreduceConfig
 	WreduceConfig()
 	{
 		supported_cell_types = pool<IdString>({
-			"$not", "$pos", "$neg",
-			"$and", "$or", "$xor", "$xnor",
-			"$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr", "$shift", "$shiftx",
-			"$lt", "$le", "$eq", "$ne", "$eqx", "$nex", "$ge", "$gt",
-			"$add", "$sub", "$mul", // "$div", "$mod", "$pow",
-			"$mux", "$pmux",
-			"$dff", "$adff"
+			ID($not), ID($pos), ID($neg),
+			ID($and), ID($or), ID($xor), ID($xnor),
+			ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr), ID($shift), ID($shiftx),
+			ID($lt), ID($le), ID($eq), ID($ne), ID($eqx), ID($nex), ID($ge), ID($gt),
+			ID($add), ID($sub), ID($mul), // ID($div), ID($mod), ID($pow),
+			ID($mux), ID($pmux),
+			ID($dff), ID($adff)
 		});
 	}
 };
@@ -64,10 +63,10 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 	{
 		// Reduce size of MUX if inputs agree on a value for a bit or a output bit is unused
 
-		SigSpec sig_a = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-		SigSpec sig_b = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-		SigSpec sig_s = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\S"));
-		SigSpec sig_y = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+		SigSpec sig_a = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+		SigSpec sig_b = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+		SigSpec sig_s = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+		SigSpec sig_y = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 		std::vector<SigBit> bits_removed;
 
 		if (sig_y.has_const())
@@ -77,15 +76,15 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		{
 			auto info = mi.query(sig_y[i]);
 			if (!info->is_output && GetSize(info->ports) <= 1 && !keep_bits.count(mi.sigmap(sig_y[i]))) {
-				bits_removed.push_back(Sx);
+				bits_removed.push_back(State::Sx);
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			SigBit ref = sig_a[i];
 			for (int k = 0; k < GetSize(sig_s); k++) {
-				if ((config->keepdc || (ref != Sx && sig_b[k*GetSize(sig_a) + i] != Sx)) && ref != sig_b[k*GetSize(sig_a) + i])
+				if ((config->keepdc || (ref != State::Sx && sig_b[k*GetSize(sig_a) + i] != State::Sx)) && ref != sig_b[k*GetSize(sig_a) + i])
 					goto no_match_ab;
-				if (sig_b[k*GetSize(sig_a) + i] != Sx)
+				if (sig_b[k*GetSize(sig_a) + i] != State::Sx)
 					ref = sig_b[k*GetSize(sig_a) + i];
 			}
 			if (0)
@@ -130,9 +129,9 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		for (auto bit : new_work_queue_bits)
 			work_queue_bits.insert(bit);
 
-		cell->setPort("\\A", new_sig_a);
-		cell->setPort("\\B", new_sig_b);
-		cell->setPort("\\Y", new_sig_y);
+		cell->setPort(ID::A, new_sig_a);
+		cell->setPort(ID::B, new_sig_b);
+		cell->setPort(ID::Y, new_sig_y);
 		cell->fixup_parameters();
 
 		module->connect(sig_y.extract(n_kept, n_removed), sig_removed);
@@ -142,8 +141,8 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 	{
 		// Reduce size of FF if inputs are just sign/zero extended or output bit is not used
 
-		SigSpec sig_d = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\D"));
-		SigSpec sig_q = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Q"));
+		SigSpec sig_d = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(D)));
+		SigSpec sig_q = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(Q)));
 		Const initval;
 
 		int width_before = GetSize(sig_q);
@@ -214,14 +213,14 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 			work_queue_bits.insert(bit);
 
 		// Narrow ARST_VALUE parameter to new size.
-		if (cell->parameters.count("\\ARST_VALUE")) {
-			Const arst_value = cell->getParam("\\ARST_VALUE");
+		if (cell->parameters.count(ID(ARST_VALUE))) {
+			Const arst_value = cell->getParam(ID(ARST_VALUE));
 			arst_value.bits.resize(GetSize(sig_q));
-			cell->setParam("\\ARST_VALUE", arst_value);
+			cell->setParam(ID(ARST_VALUE), arst_value);
 		}
 
-		cell->setPort("\\D", sig_d);
-		cell->setPort("\\Q", sig_q);
+		cell->setPort(ID(D), sig_d);
+		cell->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q);
 		cell->fixup_parameters();
 	}
 
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		port_signed = cell->getParam(stringf("\\%c_SIGNED", port)).as_bool();
 		SigSpec sig = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(stringf("\\%c", port)));
 
-		if (port == 'B' && cell->type.in("$shl", "$shr", "$sshl", "$sshr"))
+		if (port == 'B' && cell->type.in(ID($shl), ID($shr), ID($sshl), ID($sshr)))
 			port_signed = false;
 
 		int bits_removed = 0;
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 			while (GetSize(sig) > 1 && sig[GetSize(sig)-1] == sig[GetSize(sig)-2])
 				work_queue_bits.insert(sig[GetSize(sig)-1]), sig.remove(GetSize(sig)-1), bits_removed++;
 		} else {
-			while (GetSize(sig) > 1 && sig[GetSize(sig)-1] == S0)
+			while (GetSize(sig) > 1 && sig[GetSize(sig)-1] == State::S0)
 				work_queue_bits.insert(sig[GetSize(sig)-1]), sig.remove(GetSize(sig)-1), bits_removed++;
 		}
 
@@ -264,13 +263,13 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		if (!cell->type.in(config->supported_cell_types))
 			return;
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux)))
 			return run_cell_mux(cell);
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$dff", "$adff"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($dff), ID($adff)))
 			return run_cell_dff(cell);
 
-		SigSpec sig = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+		SigSpec sig = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 		if (sig.has_const())
 			return;
@@ -278,10 +277,10 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 
 		// Reduce size of ports A and B based on constant input bits and size of output port
 
-		int max_port_a_size = cell->hasPort("\\A") ? GetSize(cell->getPort("\\A")) : -1;
-		int max_port_b_size = cell->hasPort("\\B") ? GetSize(cell->getPort("\\B")) : -1;
+		int max_port_a_size = cell->hasPort(ID::A) ? GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A)) : -1;
+		int max_port_b_size = cell->hasPort(ID::B) ? GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::B)) : -1;
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$not", "$pos", "$neg", "$and", "$or", "$xor", "$add", "$sub")) {
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($not), ID($pos), ID($neg), ID($and), ID($or), ID($xor), ID($add), ID($sub))) {
 			max_port_a_size = min(max_port_a_size, GetSize(sig));
 			max_port_b_size = min(max_port_b_size, GetSize(sig));
 		}
@@ -289,32 +288,32 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		bool port_a_signed = false;
 		bool port_b_signed = false;
 
-		if (max_port_a_size >= 0 && cell->type != "$shiftx")
+		if (max_port_a_size >= 0 && cell->type != ID($shiftx))
 			run_reduce_inport(cell, 'A', max_port_a_size, port_a_signed, did_something);
 
 		if (max_port_b_size >= 0)
 			run_reduce_inport(cell, 'B', max_port_b_size, port_b_signed, did_something);
 
-		if (cell->hasPort("\\A") && cell->hasPort("\\B") && port_a_signed && port_b_signed) {
-			SigSpec sig_a = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A")), sig_b = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+		if (cell->hasPort(ID::A) && cell->hasPort(ID::B) && port_a_signed && port_b_signed) {
+			SigSpec sig_a = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A)), sig_b = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 			if (GetSize(sig_a) > 0 && sig_a[GetSize(sig_a)-1] == State::S0 &&
 					GetSize(sig_b) > 0 && sig_b[GetSize(sig_b)-1] == State::S0) {
 				log("Converting cell %s.%s (%s) from signed to unsigned.\n",
 						log_id(module), log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
-				cell->setParam("\\A_SIGNED", 0);
-				cell->setParam("\\B_SIGNED", 0);
+				cell->setParam(ID(A_SIGNED), 0);
+				cell->setParam(ID(B_SIGNED), 0);
 				port_a_signed = false;
 				port_b_signed = false;
 				did_something = true;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->hasPort("\\A") && !cell->hasPort("\\B") && port_a_signed) {
-			SigSpec sig_a = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+		if (cell->hasPort(ID::A) && !cell->hasPort(ID::B) && port_a_signed) {
+			SigSpec sig_a = mi.sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 			if (GetSize(sig_a) > 0 && sig_a[GetSize(sig_a)-1] == State::S0) {
 				log("Converting cell %s.%s (%s) from signed to unsigned.\n",
 						log_id(module), log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
-				cell->setParam("\\A_SIGNED", 0);
+				cell->setParam(ID(A_SIGNED), 0);
 				port_a_signed = false;
 				did_something = true;
 			}
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		// Reduce size of port Y based on sizes for A and B and unused bits in Y
 
 		int bits_removed = 0;
-		if (port_a_signed && cell->type == "$shr") {
+		if (port_a_signed && cell->type == ID($shr)) {
 			// do not reduce size of output on $shr cells with signed A inputs
 		} else {
 			while (GetSize(sig) > 0)
@@ -342,24 +341,24 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in("$pos", "$add", "$mul", "$and", "$or", "$xor", "$sub"))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($pos), ID($add), ID($mul), ID($and), ID($or), ID($xor), ID($sub)))
 		{
-			bool is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool() || cell->type == "$sub";
+			bool is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool() || cell->type == ID($sub);
 
 			int a_size = 0, b_size = 0;
-			if (cell->hasPort("\\A")) a_size = GetSize(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			if (cell->hasPort("\\B")) b_size = GetSize(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+			if (cell->hasPort(ID::A)) a_size = GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			if (cell->hasPort(ID::B)) b_size = GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
 			int max_y_size = max(a_size, b_size);
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$add", "$sub"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($add), ID($sub)))
 				max_y_size++;
 
-			if (cell->type == "$mul")
+			if (cell->type == ID($mul))
 				max_y_size = a_size + b_size;
 
 			while (GetSize(sig) > 1 && GetSize(sig) > max_y_size) {
-				module->connect(sig[GetSize(sig)-1], is_signed ? sig[GetSize(sig)-2] : S0);
+				module->connect(sig[GetSize(sig)-1], is_signed ? sig[GetSize(sig)-2] : State::S0);
 				sig.remove(GetSize(sig)-1);
 				bits_removed++;
 			}
@@ -374,7 +373,7 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		if (bits_removed) {
 			log("Removed top %d bits (of %d) from port Y of cell %s.%s (%s).\n",
 					bits_removed, GetSize(sig) + bits_removed, log_id(module), log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", sig);
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, sig);
 			did_something = true;
 		}
 
@@ -387,8 +386,8 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 	static int count_nontrivial_wire_attrs(RTLIL::Wire *w)
 	{
 		int count = w->attributes.size();
-		count -= w->attributes.count("\\src");
-		count -= w->attributes.count("\\unused_bits");
+		count -= w->attributes.count(ID(src));
+		count -= w->attributes.count(ID(unused_bits));
 		return count;
 	}
 
@@ -398,11 +397,11 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 		SigMap init_attr_sigmap = mi.sigmap;
 
 		for (auto w : module->wires()) {
-			if (w->get_bool_attribute("\\keep"))
+			if (w->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep))
 				for (auto bit : mi.sigmap(w))
 					keep_bits.insert(bit);
-			if (w->attributes.count("\\init")) {
-				Const initval = w->attributes.at("\\init");
+			if (w->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
+				Const initval = w->attributes.at(ID(init));
 				SigSpec initsig = init_attr_sigmap(w);
 				int width = std::min(GetSize(initval), GetSize(initsig));
 				for (int i = 0; i < width; i++)
@@ -459,8 +458,8 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 
 		if (!remove_init_bits.empty()) {
 			for (auto w : module->wires()) {
-				if (w->attributes.count("\\init")) {
-					Const initval = w->attributes.at("\\init");
+				if (w->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
+					Const initval = w->attributes.at(ID(init));
 					Const new_initval(State::Sx, GetSize(w));
 					SigSpec initsig = init_attr_sigmap(w);
 					int width = std::min(GetSize(initval), GetSize(initsig));
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ struct WreduceWorker
 						if (!remove_init_bits.count(initsig[i]))
 							new_initval[i] = initval[i];
 					}
-					w->attributes.at("\\init") = new_initval;
+					w->attributes.at(ID(init)) = new_initval;
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -528,23 +527,23 @@ struct WreducePass : public Pass {
 
 			for (auto c : module->selected_cells())
 			{
-				if (c->type.in("$reduce_and", "$reduce_or", "$reduce_xor", "$reduce_xnor", "$reduce_bool",
-						"$lt", "$le", "$eq", "$ne", "$eqx", "$nex", "$ge", "$gt",
-						"$logic_not", "$logic_and", "$logic_or") && GetSize(c->getPort("\\Y")) > 1) {
-					SigSpec sig = c->getPort("\\Y");
+				if (c->type.in(ID($reduce_and), ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_xor), ID($reduce_xnor), ID($reduce_bool),
+						ID($lt), ID($le), ID($eq), ID($ne), ID($eqx), ID($nex), ID($ge), ID($gt),
+						ID($logic_not), ID($logic_and), ID($logic_or)) && GetSize(c->getPort(ID::Y)) > 1) {
+					SigSpec sig = c->getPort(ID::Y);
 					if (!sig.has_const()) {
-						c->setPort("\\Y", sig[0]);
-						c->setParam("\\Y_WIDTH", 1);
+						c->setPort(ID::Y, sig[0]);
+						c->setParam(ID(Y_WIDTH), 1);
 						sig.remove(0);
 						module->connect(sig, Const(0, GetSize(sig)));
 					}
 				}
 
-				if (c->type.in("$div", "$mod", "$pow"))
+				if (c->type.in(ID($div), ID($mod), ID($pow)))
 				{
-					SigSpec A = c->getPort("\\A");
+					SigSpec A = c->getPort(ID::A);
 					int original_a_width = GetSize(A);
-					if (c->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool()) {
+					if (c->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool()) {
 						while (GetSize(A) > 1 && A[GetSize(A)-1] == State::S0 && A[GetSize(A)-2] == State::S0)
 							A.remove(GetSize(A)-1, 1);
 					} else {
@@ -554,13 +553,13 @@ struct WreducePass : public Pass {
 					if (original_a_width != GetSize(A)) {
 						log("Removed top %d bits (of %d) from port A of cell %s.%s (%s).\n",
 								original_a_width-GetSize(A), original_a_width, log_id(module), log_id(c), log_id(c->type));
-						c->setPort("\\A", A);
-						c->setParam("\\A_WIDTH", GetSize(A));
+						c->setPort(ID::A, A);
+						c->setParam(ID(A_WIDTH), GetSize(A));
 					}
 
-					SigSpec B = c->getPort("\\B");
+					SigSpec B = c->getPort(ID::B);
 					int original_b_width = GetSize(B);
-					if (c->getParam("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool()) {
+					if (c->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool()) {
 						while (GetSize(B) > 1 && B[GetSize(B)-1] == State::S0 && B[GetSize(B)-2] == State::S0)
 							B.remove(GetSize(B)-1, 1);
 					} else {
@@ -570,24 +569,24 @@ struct WreducePass : public Pass {
 					if (original_b_width != GetSize(B)) {
 						log("Removed top %d bits (of %d) from port B of cell %s.%s (%s).\n",
 								original_b_width-GetSize(B), original_b_width, log_id(module), log_id(c), log_id(c->type));
-						c->setPort("\\B", B);
-						c->setParam("\\B_WIDTH", GetSize(B));
+						c->setPort(ID::B, B);
+						c->setParam(ID(B_WIDTH), GetSize(B));
 					}
 				}
 
-				if (!opt_memx && c->type.in("$memrd", "$memwr", "$meminit")) {
-					IdString memid = c->getParam("\\MEMID").decode_string();
+				if (!opt_memx && c->type.in(ID($memrd), ID($memwr), ID($meminit))) {
+					IdString memid = c->getParam(ID(MEMID)).decode_string();
 					RTLIL::Memory *mem = module->memories.at(memid);
 					if (mem->start_offset >= 0) {
-						int cur_addrbits = c->getParam("\\ABITS").as_int();
+						int cur_addrbits = c->getParam(ID(ABITS)).as_int();
 						int max_addrbits = ceil_log2(mem->start_offset + mem->size);
 						if (cur_addrbits > max_addrbits) {
 							log("Removed top %d address bits (of %d) from memory %s port %s.%s (%s).\n",
 									cur_addrbits-max_addrbits, cur_addrbits,
-									c->type == "$memrd" ? "read" : c->type == "$memwr" ? "write" : "init",
+									c->type == ID($memrd) ? "read" : c->type == ID($memwr) ? "write" : "init",
 									log_id(module), log_id(c), log_id(memid));
-							c->setParam("\\ABITS", max_addrbits);
-							c->setPort("\\ADDR", c->getPort("\\ADDR").extract(0, max_addrbits));
+							c->setParam(ID(ABITS), max_addrbits);
+							c->setPort(ID(ADDR), c->getPort(ID(ADDR)).extract(0, max_addrbits));
 						}
 					}
 				}
diff --git a/passes/sat/expose.cc b/passes/sat/expose.cc
index 7631d87e6..29dfc7b19 100644
--- a/passes/sat/expose.cc
+++ b/passes/sat/expose.cc
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ void create_dff_dq_map(std::map<RTLIL::IdString, dff_map_info_t> &map, RTLIL::De
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		if (info.cell->type == "$_DFF_N_" || info.cell->type == "$_DFF_P_") {
+		if (info.cell->type.in("$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_")) {
 			info.bit_clk = sigmap(info.cell->getPort("\\C")).as_bit();
 			info.clk_polarity = info.cell->type == "$_DFF_P_";
 			info.bit_d = sigmap(info.cell->getPort("\\D")).as_bit();
diff --git a/passes/techmap/abc.cc b/passes/techmap/abc.cc
index 9f963a8bf..b29480e26 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/abc.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/abc.cc
@@ -166,39 +166,39 @@ void mark_port(RTLIL::SigSpec sig)
 
 void extract_cell(RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool keepff)
 {
-	if (cell->type.in("$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFF_N_), ID($_DFF_P_)))
 	{
-		if (clk_polarity != (cell->type == "$_DFF_P_"))
+		if (clk_polarity != (cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_)))
 			return;
-		if (clk_sig != assign_map(cell->getPort("\\C")))
+		if (clk_sig != assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(C))))
 			return;
 		if (GetSize(en_sig) != 0)
 			return;
 		goto matching_dff;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_DFFE_NN_", "$_DFFE_NP_", "$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_NN_), ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_)))
 	{
-		if (clk_polarity != cell->type.in("$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_"))
+		if (clk_polarity != cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_)))
 			return;
-		if (en_polarity != cell->type.in("$_DFFE_NP_", "$_DFFE_PP_"))
+		if (en_polarity != cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PP_)))
 			return;
-		if (clk_sig != assign_map(cell->getPort("\\C")))
+		if (clk_sig != assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(C))))
 			return;
-		if (en_sig != assign_map(cell->getPort("\\E")))
+		if (en_sig != assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(E))))
 			return;
 		goto matching_dff;
 	}
 
 	if (0) {
 	matching_dff:
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
 		if (keepff)
 			for (auto &c : sig_q.chunks())
 				if (c.wire != NULL)
-					c.wire->attributes["\\keep"] = 1;
+					c.wire->attributes[ID::keep] = 1;
 
 		assign_map.apply(sig_d);
 		assign_map.apply(sig_q);
@@ -209,25 +209,25 @@ void extract_cell(RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool keepff)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_BUF_", "$_NOT_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_BUF_), ID($_NOT_)))
 	{
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 		assign_map.apply(sig_a);
 		assign_map.apply(sig_y);
 
-		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == "$_BUF_" ? G(BUF) : G(NOT), map_signal(sig_a));
+		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == ID($_BUF_) ? G(BUF) : G(NOT), map_signal(sig_a));
 
 		module->remove(cell);
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_AND_", "$_NAND_", "$_OR_", "$_NOR_", "$_XOR_", "$_XNOR_", "$_ANDNOT_", "$_ORNOT_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_AND_), ID($_NAND_), ID($_OR_), ID($_NOR_), ID($_XOR_), ID($_XNOR_), ID($_ANDNOT_), ID($_ORNOT_)))
 	{
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 		assign_map.apply(sig_a);
 		assign_map.apply(sig_b);
@@ -236,21 +236,21 @@ void extract_cell(RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool keepff)
 		int mapped_a = map_signal(sig_a);
 		int mapped_b = map_signal(sig_b);
 
-		if (cell->type == "$_AND_")
+		if (cell->type == ID($_AND_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(AND), mapped_a, mapped_b);
-		else if (cell->type == "$_NAND_")
+		else if (cell->type == ID($_NAND_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(NAND), mapped_a, mapped_b);
-		else if (cell->type == "$_OR_")
+		else if (cell->type == ID($_OR_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(OR), mapped_a, mapped_b);
-		else if (cell->type == "$_NOR_")
+		else if (cell->type == ID($_NOR_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(NOR), mapped_a, mapped_b);
-		else if (cell->type == "$_XOR_")
+		else if (cell->type == ID($_XOR_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(XOR), mapped_a, mapped_b);
-		else if (cell->type == "$_XNOR_")
+		else if (cell->type == ID($_XNOR_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(XNOR), mapped_a, mapped_b);
-		else if (cell->type == "$_ANDNOT_")
+		else if (cell->type == ID($_ANDNOT_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(ANDNOT), mapped_a, mapped_b);
-		else if (cell->type == "$_ORNOT_")
+		else if (cell->type == ID($_ORNOT_))
 			map_signal(sig_y, G(ORNOT), mapped_a, mapped_b);
 		else
 			log_abort();
@@ -259,12 +259,12 @@ void extract_cell(RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool keepff)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_MUX_", "$_NMUX_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_MUX_), ID($_NMUX_)))
 	{
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort("\\S");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort(ID(S));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 		assign_map.apply(sig_a);
 		assign_map.apply(sig_b);
@@ -275,18 +275,18 @@ void extract_cell(RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool keepff)
 		int mapped_b = map_signal(sig_b);
 		int mapped_s = map_signal(sig_s);
 
-		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == "$_MUX_" ? G(MUX) : G(NMUX), mapped_a, mapped_b, mapped_s);
+		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == ID($_MUX_) ? G(MUX) : G(NMUX), mapped_a, mapped_b, mapped_s);
 
 		module->remove(cell);
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_AOI3_", "$_OAI3_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_AOI3_), ID($_OAI3_)))
 	{
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_c = cell->getPort("\\C");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_c = cell->getPort(ID(C));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 		assign_map.apply(sig_a);
 		assign_map.apply(sig_b);
@@ -297,19 +297,19 @@ void extract_cell(RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool keepff)
 		int mapped_b = map_signal(sig_b);
 		int mapped_c = map_signal(sig_c);
 
-		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == "$_AOI3_" ? G(AOI3) : G(OAI3), mapped_a, mapped_b, mapped_c);
+		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == ID($_AOI3_) ? G(AOI3) : G(OAI3), mapped_a, mapped_b, mapped_c);
 
 		module->remove(cell);
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_AOI4_", "$_OAI4_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_AOI4_), ID($_OAI4_)))
 	{
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_c = cell->getPort("\\C");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_c = cell->getPort(ID(C));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 		assign_map.apply(sig_a);
 		assign_map.apply(sig_b);
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ void extract_cell(RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool keepff)
 		int mapped_c = map_signal(sig_c);
 		int mapped_d = map_signal(sig_d);
 
-		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == "$_AOI4_" ? G(AOI4) : G(OAI4), mapped_a, mapped_b, mapped_c, mapped_d);
+		map_signal(sig_y, cell->type == ID($_AOI4_) ? G(AOI4) : G(OAI4), mapped_a, mapped_b, mapped_c, mapped_d);
 
 		module->remove(cell);
 		return;
@@ -352,23 +352,20 @@ std::string remap_name(RTLIL::IdString abc_name, RTLIL::Wire **orig_wire = nullp
 				auto sig = signal_list.at(sid);
 				if (sig.bit.wire != nullptr)
 				{
-					std::stringstream sstr;
-					sstr << "$abc$" << map_autoidx << "$" << sig.bit.wire->name.substr(1);
+					std::string s = stringf("$abc$%d$%s", map_autoidx, sig.bit.wire->name.c_str()+1);
 					if (sig.bit.wire->width != 1)
-						sstr << "[" << sig.bit.offset << "]";
+						s += stringf("[%d]", sig.bit.offset);
 					if (isnew)
-						sstr << "_new";
-					sstr << postfix;
+						s += "_new";
+					s += postfix;
 					if (orig_wire != nullptr)
 						*orig_wire = sig.bit.wire;
-					return sstr.str();
+					return s;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	std::stringstream sstr;
-	sstr << "$abc$" << map_autoidx << "$" << abc_name.substr(1);
-	return sstr.str();
+	return stringf("$abc$%d$%s", map_autoidx, abc_name.c_str()+1);
 }
 
 void dump_loop_graph(FILE *f, int &nr, std::map<int, std::set<int>> &edges, std::set<int> &workpool, std::vector<int> &in_counts)
@@ -790,7 +787,7 @@ void abc_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::strin
 		extract_cell(c, keepff);
 
 	for (auto &wire_it : module->wires_) {
-		if (wire_it.second->port_id > 0 || wire_it.second->get_bool_attribute("\\keep"))
+		if (wire_it.second->port_id > 0 || wire_it.second->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep))
 			mark_port(RTLIL::SigSpec(wire_it.second));
 	}
 
@@ -939,42 +936,42 @@ void abc_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::strin
 			log_error("Opening %s for writing failed: %s\n", buffer.c_str(), strerror(errno));
 		fprintf(f, "GATE ZERO    1 Y=CONST0;\n");
 		fprintf(f, "GATE ONE     1 Y=CONST1;\n");
-		fprintf(f, "GATE BUF    %d Y=A;                  PIN * NONINV  1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_BUF_"));
-		fprintf(f, "GATE NOT    %d Y=!A;                 PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_NOT_"));
+		fprintf(f, "GATE BUF    %d Y=A;                  PIN * NONINV  1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_BUF_)));
+		fprintf(f, "GATE NOT    %d Y=!A;                 PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_NOT_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("AND"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE AND    %d Y=A*B;                PIN * NONINV  1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_AND_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE AND    %d Y=A*B;                PIN * NONINV  1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_AND_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("NAND"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE NAND   %d Y=!(A*B);             PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_NAND_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE NAND   %d Y=!(A*B);             PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_NAND_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("OR"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE OR     %d Y=A+B;                PIN * NONINV  1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_OR_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE OR     %d Y=A+B;                PIN * NONINV  1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_OR_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("NOR"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE NOR    %d Y=!(A+B);             PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_NOR_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE NOR    %d Y=!(A+B);             PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_NOR_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("XOR"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE XOR    %d Y=(A*!B)+(!A*B);      PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_XOR_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE XOR    %d Y=(A*!B)+(!A*B);      PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_XOR_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("XNOR"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE XNOR   %d Y=(A*B)+(!A*!B);      PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_XNOR_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE XNOR   %d Y=(A*B)+(!A*!B);      PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_XNOR_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("ANDNOT"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE ANDNOT %d Y=A*!B;               PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_ANDNOT_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE ANDNOT %d Y=A*!B;               PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_ANDNOT_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("ORNOT"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE ORNOT  %d Y=A+!B;               PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_ORNOT_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE ORNOT  %d Y=A+!B;               PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_ORNOT_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("AOI3"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE AOI3   %d Y=!((A*B)+C);         PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_AOI3_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE AOI3   %d Y=!((A*B)+C);         PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_AOI3_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("OAI3"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE OAI3   %d Y=!((A+B)*C);         PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_OAI3_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE OAI3   %d Y=!((A+B)*C);         PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_OAI3_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("AOI4"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE AOI4   %d Y=!((A*B)+(C*D));     PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_AOI4_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE AOI4   %d Y=!((A*B)+(C*D));     PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_AOI4_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("OAI4"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE OAI4   %d Y=!((A+B)*(C+D));     PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_OAI4_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE OAI4   %d Y=!((A+B)*(C+D));     PIN * INV     1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_OAI4_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("MUX"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX    %d Y=(A*B)+(S*B)+(!S*A); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_MUX_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX    %d Y=(A*B)+(S*B)+(!S*A); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_MUX_)));
 		if (enabled_gates.count("NMUX"))
-			fprintf(f, "GATE NMUX   %d Y=!((A*B)+(S*B)+(!S*A)); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at("$_NMUX_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE NMUX   %d Y=!((A*B)+(S*B)+(!S*A)); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", cell_cost.at(ID($_NMUX_)));
 		if (map_mux4)
-			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX4   %d Y=(!S*!T*A)+(S*!T*B)+(!S*T*C)+(S*T*D); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", 2*cell_cost.at("$_MUX_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX4   %d Y=(!S*!T*A)+(S*!T*B)+(!S*T*C)+(S*T*D); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", 2*cell_cost.at(ID($_MUX_)));
 		if (map_mux8)
-			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX8   %d Y=(!S*!T*!U*A)+(S*!T*!U*B)+(!S*T*!U*C)+(S*T*!U*D)+(!S*!T*U*E)+(S*!T*U*F)+(!S*T*U*G)+(S*T*U*H); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", 4*cell_cost.at("$_MUX_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX8   %d Y=(!S*!T*!U*A)+(S*!T*!U*B)+(!S*T*!U*C)+(S*T*!U*D)+(!S*!T*U*E)+(S*!T*U*F)+(!S*T*U*G)+(S*T*U*H); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", 4*cell_cost.at(ID($_MUX_)));
 		if (map_mux16)
-			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX16  %d Y=(!S*!T*!U*!V*A)+(S*!T*!U*!V*B)+(!S*T*!U*!V*C)+(S*T*!U*!V*D)+(!S*!T*U*!V*E)+(S*!T*U*!V*F)+(!S*T*U*!V*G)+(S*T*U*!V*H)+(!S*!T*!U*V*I)+(S*!T*!U*V*J)+(!S*T*!U*V*K)+(S*T*!U*V*L)+(!S*!T*U*V*M)+(S*!T*U*V*N)+(!S*T*U*V*O)+(S*T*U*V*P); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", 8*cell_cost.at("$_MUX_"));
+			fprintf(f, "GATE MUX16  %d Y=(!S*!T*!U*!V*A)+(S*!T*!U*!V*B)+(!S*T*!U*!V*C)+(S*T*!U*!V*D)+(!S*!T*U*!V*E)+(S*!T*U*!V*F)+(!S*T*U*!V*G)+(S*T*U*!V*H)+(!S*!T*!U*V*I)+(S*!T*!U*V*J)+(!S*T*!U*V*K)+(S*T*!U*V*L)+(!S*!T*U*V*M)+(S*!T*U*V*N)+(!S*T*U*V*O)+(S*T*U*V*P); PIN * UNKNOWN 1 999 1 0 1 0\n", 8*cell_cost.at(ID($_MUX_)));
 		fclose(f);
 
 		if (!lut_costs.empty()) {
@@ -1019,21 +1016,21 @@ void abc_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::strin
 
 		bool builtin_lib = liberty_file.empty();
 		RTLIL::Design *mapped_design = new RTLIL::Design;
-		parse_blif(mapped_design, ifs, builtin_lib ? "\\DFF" : "\\_dff_", false, sop_mode);
+		parse_blif(mapped_design, ifs, builtin_lib ? ID(DFF) : ID(_dff_), false, sop_mode);
 
 		ifs.close();
 
 		log_header(design, "Re-integrating ABC results.\n");
-		RTLIL::Module *mapped_mod = mapped_design->modules_["\\netlist"];
+		RTLIL::Module *mapped_mod = mapped_design->modules_[ID(netlist)];
 		if (mapped_mod == NULL)
 			log_error("ABC output file does not contain a module `netlist'.\n");
 		for (auto &it : mapped_mod->wires_) {
 			RTLIL::Wire *w = it.second;
 			RTLIL::Wire *orig_wire = nullptr;
 			RTLIL::Wire *wire = module->addWire(remap_name(w->name, &orig_wire));
-			if (orig_wire != nullptr && orig_wire->attributes.count("\\src"))
-				wire->attributes["\\src"] = orig_wire->attributes["\\src"];
-			if (markgroups) wire->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
+			if (orig_wire != nullptr && orig_wire->attributes.count(ID(src)))
+				wire->attributes[ID(src)] = orig_wire->attributes[ID(src)];
+			if (markgroups) wire->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
 			design->select(module, wire);
 		}
 
@@ -1043,141 +1040,140 @@ void abc_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::strin
 			if (builtin_lib)
 			{
 				cell_stats[RTLIL::unescape_id(c->type)]++;
-				if (c->type == "\\ZERO" || c->type == "\\ONE") {
+				if (c->type.in(ID(ZERO), ID(ONE))) {
 					RTLIL::SigSig conn;
-					conn.first = RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]);
-					conn.second = RTLIL::SigSpec(c->type == "\\ZERO" ? 0 : 1, 1);
+					conn.first = RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]);
+					conn.second = RTLIL::SigSpec(c->type == ID(ZERO) ? 0 : 1, 1);
 					module->connect(conn);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\BUF") {
+				if (c->type == ID(BUF)) {
 					RTLIL::SigSig conn;
-					conn.first = RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]);
-					conn.second = RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]);
+					conn.first = RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]);
+					conn.second = RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]);
 					module->connect(conn);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\NOT") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_NOT_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type == ID(NOT)) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), ID($_NOT_));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\AND" || c->type == "\\OR" || c->type == "\\XOR" || c->type == "\\NAND" || c->type == "\\NOR" ||
-						c->type == "\\XNOR" || c->type == "\\ANDNOT" || c->type == "\\ORNOT") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_" + c->type.substr(1) + "_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\B").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type.in(ID(AND), ID(OR), ID(XOR), ID(NAND), ID(NOR), ID(XNOR), ID(ANDNOT), ID(ORNOT))) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), stringf("$_%s_", c->type.c_str()+1));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::B).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\MUX" || c->type == "\\NMUX") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_" + c->type.substr(1) + "_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\B").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\S", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\S").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type.in(ID(MUX), ID(NMUX))) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), stringf("$_%s_", c->type.c_str()+1));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::B).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(S), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(S)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\MUX4") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_MUX4_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\B").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\C", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\C").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\D", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\D").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\S", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\S").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\T", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\T").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type == ID(MUX4)) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), ID($_MUX4_));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::B).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(C)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(D), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(D)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(S), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(S)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(T), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(T)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\MUX8") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_MUX8_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\B").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\C", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\C").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\D", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\D").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\E", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\E").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\F", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\F").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\G", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\G").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\H", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\H").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\S", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\S").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\T", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\T").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\U", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\U").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type == ID(MUX8)) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), ID($_MUX8_));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::B).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(C)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(D), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(D)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(E), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(E)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(F), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(F)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(G), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(G)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(H), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(H)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(S), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(S)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(T), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(T)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(U), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(U)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\MUX16") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_MUX16_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\B").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\C", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\C").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\D", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\D").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\E", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\E").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\F", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\F").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\G", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\G").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\H", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\H").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\I", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\I").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\J", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\J").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\K", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\K").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\L", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\L").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\M", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\M").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\N", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\N").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\O", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\O").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\P", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\P").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\S", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\S").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\T", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\T").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\U", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\U").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\V", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\V").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type == ID(MUX16)) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), ID($_MUX16_));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::B).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(C)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(D), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(D)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(E), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(E)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(F), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(F)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(G), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(G)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(H), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(H)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(I), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(I)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(J), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(J)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(K), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(K)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(L), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(L)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(M), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(M)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(N), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(N)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(O), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(O)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(P), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(P)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(S), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(S)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(T), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(T)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(U), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(U)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(V), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(V)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\AOI3" || c->type == "\\OAI3") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_" + c->type.substr(1) + "_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\B").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\C", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\C").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type.in(ID(AOI3), ID(OAI3))) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), stringf("$_%s_", c->type.c_str()+1));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::B).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(C)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\AOI4" || c->type == "\\OAI4") {
-					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), "$_" + c->type.substr(1) + "_");
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\A", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\B", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\B").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\C", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\C").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\D", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\D").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)]));
+				if (c->type.in(ID(AOI4), ID(OAI4))) {
+					RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), stringf("$_%s_", c->type.c_str()+1));
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::B).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(C)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(D), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(D)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)]));
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (c->type == "\\DFF") {
+				if (c->type == ID(DFF)) {
 					log_assert(clk_sig.size() == 1);
 					RTLIL::Cell *cell;
 					if (en_sig.size() == 0) {
-						cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), clk_polarity ? "$_DFF_P_" : "$_DFF_N_");
+						cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), clk_polarity ? ID($_DFF_P_) : ID($_DFF_N_));
 					} else {
 						log_assert(en_sig.size() == 1);
 						cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), stringf("$_DFFE_%c%c_", clk_polarity ? 'P' : 'N', en_polarity ? 'P' : 'N'));
-						cell->setPort("\\E", en_sig);
+						cell->setPort(ID(E), en_sig);
 					}
-					if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-					cell->setPort("\\D", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\D").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\Q", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Q").as_wire()->name)]));
-					cell->setPort("\\C", clk_sig);
+					if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+					cell->setPort(ID(D), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(D)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(Q), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(Q)).as_wire()->name)]));
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), clk_sig);
 					design->select(module, cell);
 					continue;
 				}
@@ -1185,41 +1181,41 @@ void abc_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::strin
 			else
 				cell_stats[RTLIL::unescape_id(c->type)]++;
 
-			if (c->type == "\\_const0_" || c->type == "\\_const1_") {
+			if (c->type.in(ID(_const0_), ID(_const1_))) {
 				RTLIL::SigSig conn;
 				conn.first = RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->connections().begin()->second.as_wire()->name)]);
-				conn.second = RTLIL::SigSpec(c->type == "\\_const0_" ? 0 : 1, 1);
+				conn.second = RTLIL::SigSpec(c->type == ID(_const0_) ? 0 : 1, 1);
 				module->connect(conn);
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if (c->type == "\\_dff_") {
+			if (c->type == ID(_dff_)) {
 				log_assert(clk_sig.size() == 1);
 				RTLIL::Cell *cell;
 				if (en_sig.size() == 0) {
-					cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), clk_polarity ? "$_DFF_P_" : "$_DFF_N_");
+					cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), clk_polarity ? ID($_DFF_P_) : ID($_DFF_N_));
 				} else {
 					log_assert(en_sig.size() == 1);
 					cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), stringf("$_DFFE_%c%c_", clk_polarity ? 'P' : 'N', en_polarity ? 'P' : 'N'));
-					cell->setPort("\\E", en_sig);
+					cell->setPort(ID(E), en_sig);
 				}
-				if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
-				cell->setPort("\\D", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\D").as_wire()->name)]));
-				cell->setPort("\\Q", RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Q").as_wire()->name)]));
-				cell->setPort("\\C", clk_sig);
+				if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
+				cell->setPort(ID(D), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(D)).as_wire()->name)]));
+				cell->setPort(ID(Q), RTLIL::SigSpec(module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID(Q)).as_wire()->name)]));
+				cell->setPort(ID(C), clk_sig);
 				design->select(module, cell);
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if (c->type == "$lut" && GetSize(c->getPort("\\A")) == 1 && c->getParam("\\LUT").as_int() == 2) {
-				SigSpec my_a = module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name)];
-				SigSpec my_y = module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name)];
+			if (c->type == ID($lut) && GetSize(c->getPort(ID::A)) == 1 && c->getParam(ID(LUT)).as_int() == 2) {
+				SigSpec my_a = module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name)];
+				SigSpec my_y = module->wires_[remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name)];
 				module->connect(my_y, my_a);
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(remap_name(c->name), c->type);
-			if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
+			if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
 			cell->parameters = c->parameters;
 			for (auto &conn : c->connections()) {
 				RTLIL::SigSpec newsig;
@@ -1244,10 +1240,10 @@ void abc_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::strin
 
 		if (recover_init)
 			for (auto wire : mapped_mod->wires()) {
-				if (wire->attributes.count("\\init")) {
+				if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
 					Wire *w = module->wires_[remap_name(wire->name)];
-					log_assert(w->attributes.count("\\init") == 0);
-					w->attributes["\\init"] = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+					log_assert(w->attributes.count(ID(init)) == 0);
+					w->attributes[ID(init)] = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -1634,6 +1630,7 @@ struct AbcPass : public Pass {
 					if (g == "ANDNOT") goto ok_gate;
 					if (g == "ORNOT") goto ok_gate;
 					if (g == "MUX") goto ok_gate;
+					if (g == "NMUX") goto ok_gate;
 					if (g == "AOI3") goto ok_gate;
 					if (g == "OAI3") goto ok_gate;
 					if (g == "AOI4") goto ok_gate;
@@ -1802,9 +1799,9 @@ struct AbcPass : public Pass {
 			signal_init.clear();
 
 			for (Wire *wire : mod->wires())
-				if (wire->attributes.count("\\init")) {
+				if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
 					SigSpec initsig = assign_map(wire);
-					Const initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+					Const initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 					for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initsig) && i < GetSize(initval); i++)
 						switch (initval[i]) {
 							case State::S0:
@@ -1861,16 +1858,16 @@ struct AbcPass : public Pass {
 					}
 				}
 
-				if (cell->type.in("$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFF_N_), ID($_DFF_P_)))
 				{
-					key = clkdomain_t(cell->type == "$_DFF_P_", assign_map(cell->getPort("\\C")), true, RTLIL::SigSpec());
+					key = clkdomain_t(cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_), assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(C))), true, RTLIL::SigSpec());
 				}
 				else
-				if (cell->type.in("$_DFFE_NN_", "$_DFFE_NP_" "$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_NN_), ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_)))
 				{
-					bool this_clk_pol = cell->type.in("$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_");
-					bool this_en_pol = cell->type.in("$_DFFE_NP_", "$_DFFE_PP_");
-					key = clkdomain_t(this_clk_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort("\\C")), this_en_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort("\\E")));
+					bool this_clk_pol = cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_));
+					bool this_en_pol = cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PP_));
+					key = clkdomain_t(this_clk_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(C))), this_en_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(E))));
 				}
 				else
 					continue;
diff --git a/passes/techmap/abc9.cc b/passes/techmap/abc9.cc
index 7418ed4a3..c1d4fff2d 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/abc9.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/abc9.cc
@@ -71,11 +71,9 @@ RTLIL::Module *module;
 bool clk_polarity, en_polarity;
 RTLIL::SigSpec clk_sig, en_sig;
 
-std::string remap_name(RTLIL::IdString abc_name)
+inline std::string remap_name(RTLIL::IdString abc_name)
 {
-	std::stringstream sstr;
-	sstr << "$abc$" << map_autoidx << "$" << abc_name.substr(1);
-	return sstr.str();
+	return stringf("$abc$%d$%s", map_autoidx, abc_name.c_str()+1);
 }
 
 void handle_loops(RTLIL::Design *design)
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ void handle_loops(RTLIL::Design *design)
 	// wires
 	pool<RTLIL::Const> ids_seen;
 	for (auto cell : module->cells()) {
-		auto it = cell->attributes.find("\\abc_scc_id");
+		auto it = cell->attributes.find(ID(abc_scc_id));
 		if (it != cell->attributes.end()) {
 			auto r = ids_seen.insert(it->second);
 			if (r.second) {
@@ -109,7 +107,7 @@ void handle_loops(RTLIL::Design *design)
 							log_assert(w->port_input);
 							log_assert(b.offset < GetSize(w));
 						}
-						w->set_bool_attribute("\\abc_scc_break");
+						w->set_bool_attribute(ID(abc_scc_break));
 						module->swap_names(b.wire, w);
 						c.second = RTLIL::SigBit(w, b.offset);
 					}
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ void handle_loops(RTLIL::Design *design)
 			std::vector<IdString> ports;
 			RTLIL::Module* box_module = design->module(cell->type);
 			if (box_module) {
-				auto ports_csv = box_module->attributes.at("\\abc_scc_break", RTLIL::Const::from_string("")).decode_string();
+				auto ports_csv = box_module->attributes.at(ID(abc_scc_break), RTLIL::Const::from_string("")).decode_string();
 				for (const auto &port_name : split_tokens(ports_csv, ",")) {
 					auto port_id = RTLIL::escape_id(port_name);
 					auto kt = cell->connections_.find(port_id);
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ void handle_loops(RTLIL::Design *design)
 				Wire *w = b.wire;
 				if (!w) continue;
 				w->port_output = true;
-				w->set_bool_attribute("\\abc_scc_break");
+				w->set_bool_attribute(ID(abc_scc_break));
 				w = module->wire(stringf("%s.abci", w->name.c_str()));
 				if (!w) {
 					w = module->addWire(stringf("%s.abci", b.wire->name.c_str()), GetSize(b.wire));
@@ -446,14 +444,14 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 		if (ifs.fail())
 			log_error("Can't open ABC output file `%s'.\n", buffer.c_str());
 		buffer = stringf("%s/%s", tempdir_name.c_str(), "input.sym");
-		log_assert(!design->module("$__abc9__"));
+		log_assert(!design->module(ID($__abc9__)));
 		{
-			AigerReader reader(design, ifs, "$__abc9__", "" /* clk_name */, buffer.c_str() /* map_filename */, true /* wideports */);
+			AigerReader reader(design, ifs, ID($__abc9__), "" /* clk_name */, buffer.c_str() /* map_filename */, true /* wideports */);
 			reader.parse_xaiger();
 		}
 		ifs.close();
 		Pass::call(design, stringf("write_verilog -noexpr -norename"));
-		design->remove(design->module("$__abc9__"));
+		design->remove(design->module(ID($__abc9__)));
 #endif
 
 		design->selection_stack.pop_back();
@@ -462,7 +460,7 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 		// the expose operation -- remove them from PO/PI
 		// and re-connecting them back together
 		for (auto wire : module->wires()) {
-			auto it = wire->attributes.find("\\abc_scc_break");
+			auto it = wire->attributes.find(ID(abc_scc_break));
 			if (it != wire->attributes.end()) {
 				wire->attributes.erase(it);
 				log_assert(wire->port_output);
@@ -518,9 +516,9 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 			log_error("Can't open ABC output file `%s'.\n", buffer.c_str());
 
 		buffer = stringf("%s/%s", tempdir_name.c_str(), "input.sym");
-		log_assert(!design->module("$__abc9__"));
+		log_assert(!design->module(ID($__abc9__)));
 
-		AigerReader reader(design, ifs, "$__abc9__", "" /* clk_name */, buffer.c_str() /* map_filename */, true /* wideports */);
+		AigerReader reader(design, ifs, ID($__abc9__), "" /* clk_name */, buffer.c_str() /* map_filename */, true /* wideports */);
 		reader.parse_xaiger(box_lookup);
 		ifs.close();
 
@@ -529,7 +527,7 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 #endif
 
 		log_header(design, "Re-integrating ABC9 results.\n");
-		RTLIL::Module *mapped_mod = design->module("$__abc9__");
+		RTLIL::Module *mapped_mod = design->module(ID($__abc9__));
 		if (mapped_mod == NULL)
 			log_error("ABC output file does not contain a module `$__abc9__'.\n");
 
@@ -537,7 +535,7 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 		for (auto &it : mapped_mod->wires_) {
 			RTLIL::Wire *w = it.second;
 			RTLIL::Wire *remap_wire = module->addWire(remap_name(w->name), GetSize(w));
-			if (markgroups) remap_wire->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
+			if (markgroups) remap_wire->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
 			if (w->port_output) {
 				RTLIL::Wire *wire = module->wire(w->name);
 				log_assert(wire);
@@ -559,14 +557,14 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 		vector<RTLIL::Cell*> boxes;
 		for (const auto &it : module->cells_) {
 			auto cell = it.second;
-			if (cell->type.in("$_AND_", "$_NOT_")) {
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($_AND_), ID($_NOT_))) {
 				module->remove(cell);
 				continue;
 			}
 			auto jt = abc_box.find(cell->type);
 			if (jt == abc_box.end()) {
 				RTLIL::Module* box_module = design->module(cell->type);
-				jt = abc_box.insert(std::make_pair(cell->type, box_module && box_module->attributes.count("\\abc_box_id"))).first;
+				jt = abc_box.insert(std::make_pair(cell->type, box_module && box_module->attributes.count(ID(abc_box_id)))).first;
 			}
 			if (jt->second)
 				boxes.emplace_back(cell);
@@ -577,20 +575,20 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 		dict<RTLIL::Cell*,RTLIL::Cell*> not2drivers;
 		dict<SigBit, std::vector<RTLIL::Cell*>> bit2sinks;
 
-		std::map<std::string, int> cell_stats;
+		std::map<IdString, int> cell_stats;
 		for (auto c : mapped_mod->cells())
 		{
 			toposort.node(c->name);
 
 			RTLIL::Cell *cell = nullptr;
-			if (c->type == "$_NOT_") {
-				RTLIL::SigBit a_bit = c->getPort("\\A");
-				RTLIL::SigBit y_bit = c->getPort("\\Y");
+			if (c->type == ID($_NOT_)) {
+				RTLIL::SigBit a_bit = c->getPort(ID::A);
+				RTLIL::SigBit y_bit = c->getPort(ID::Y);
 				bit_users[a_bit].insert(c->name);
 				bit_drivers[y_bit].insert(c->name);
 
 				if (!a_bit.wire) {
-					c->setPort("\\Y", module->addWire(NEW_ID));
+					c->setPort(ID::Y, module->addWire(NEW_ID));
 					RTLIL::Wire *wire = module->wire(remap_name(y_bit.wire->name));
 					log_assert(wire);
 					module->connect(RTLIL::SigBit(wire, y_bit.offset), State::S1);
@@ -618,8 +616,8 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 								RTLIL::SigBit(module->wires_.at(remap_name(a_bit.wire->name)), a_bit.offset),
 								RTLIL::SigBit(module->wires_.at(remap_name(y_bit.wire->name)), y_bit.offset),
 								RTLIL::Const::from_string("01"));
-						bit2sinks[cell->getPort("\\A")].push_back(cell);
-						cell_stats["$lut"]++;
+						bit2sinks[cell->getPort(ID::A)].push_back(cell);
+						cell_stats[ID($lut)]++;
 					}
 					else
 						not2drivers[c] = driver_lut;
@@ -627,18 +625,18 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 				}
 				else
 					log_abort();
-				if (cell && markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
+				if (cell && markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
 				continue;
 			}
-			cell_stats[RTLIL::unescape_id(c->type)]++;
+			cell_stats[c->type]++;
 
 			RTLIL::Cell *existing_cell = nullptr;
-			if (c->type == "$lut") {
-				if (GetSize(c->getPort("\\A")) == 1 && c->getParam("\\LUT") == RTLIL::Const::from_string("01")) {
-					SigSpec my_a = module->wires_.at(remap_name(c->getPort("\\A").as_wire()->name));
-					SigSpec my_y = module->wires_.at(remap_name(c->getPort("\\Y").as_wire()->name));
+			if (c->type == ID($lut)) {
+				if (GetSize(c->getPort(ID::A)) == 1 && c->getParam(ID(LUT)) == RTLIL::Const::from_string("01")) {
+					SigSpec my_a = module->wires_.at(remap_name(c->getPort(ID::A).as_wire()->name));
+					SigSpec my_y = module->wires_.at(remap_name(c->getPort(ID::Y).as_wire()->name));
 					module->connect(my_y, my_a);
-					if (markgroups) c->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
+					if (markgroups) c->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
 					log_abort();
 					continue;
 				}
@@ -651,7 +649,7 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 				module->swap_names(cell, existing_cell);
 			}
 
-			if (markgroups) cell->attributes["\\abcgroup"] = map_autoidx;
+			if (markgroups) cell->attributes[ID(abcgroup)] = map_autoidx;
 			if (existing_cell) {
 				cell->parameters = existing_cell->parameters;
 				cell->attributes = existing_cell->attributes;
@@ -741,20 +739,20 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 				for (auto driver_cell : bit_drivers.at(it.first))
 				for (auto user_cell : it.second)
 					toposort.edge(driver_cell, user_cell);
-		bool no_loops = toposort.sort();
+		bool no_loops YS_ATTRIBUTE(unused) = toposort.sort();
 		log_assert(no_loops);
 
 		for (auto ii = toposort.sorted.rbegin(); ii != toposort.sorted.rend(); ii++) {
 			RTLIL::Cell *not_cell = mapped_mod->cell(*ii);
 			log_assert(not_cell);
-			if (not_cell->type != "$_NOT_")
+			if (not_cell->type != ID($_NOT_))
 				continue;
 			auto it = not2drivers.find(not_cell);
 			if (it == not2drivers.end())
 				continue;
 			RTLIL::Cell *driver_lut = it->second;
-			RTLIL::SigBit a_bit = not_cell->getPort("\\A");
-			RTLIL::SigBit y_bit = not_cell->getPort("\\Y");
+			RTLIL::SigBit a_bit = not_cell->getPort(ID::A);
+			RTLIL::SigBit y_bit = not_cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 			RTLIL::Const driver_mask;
 
 			a_bit.wire = module->wires_.at(remap_name(a_bit.wire->name));
@@ -765,13 +763,13 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 				goto clone_lut;
 
 			for (auto sink_cell : jt->second)
-				if (sink_cell->type != "$lut")
+				if (sink_cell->type != ID($lut))
 					goto clone_lut;
 
 			// Push downstream LUTs past inverter
 			for (auto sink_cell : jt->second) {
-				SigSpec A = sink_cell->getPort("\\A");
-				RTLIL::Const mask = sink_cell->getParam("\\LUT");
+				SigSpec A = sink_cell->getPort(ID::A);
+				RTLIL::Const mask = sink_cell->getParam(ID(LUT));
 				int index = 0;
 				for (; index < GetSize(A); index++)
 					if (A[index] == a_bit)
@@ -784,8 +782,8 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 					i += 1 << (index+1);
 				}
 				A[index] = y_bit;
-				sink_cell->setPort("\\A", A);
-				sink_cell->setParam("\\LUT", mask);
+				sink_cell->setPort(ID::A, A);
+				sink_cell->setParam(ID(LUT), mask);
 			}
 
 			// Since we have rewritten all sinks (which we know
@@ -794,16 +792,16 @@ void abc9_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *current_module, std::stri
 			// that the original driving LUT will become dangling
 			// and get cleaned away
 clone_lut:
-			driver_mask = driver_lut->getParam("\\LUT");
+			driver_mask = driver_lut->getParam(ID(LUT));
 			for (auto &b : driver_mask.bits) {
 				if (b == RTLIL::State::S0) b = RTLIL::State::S1;
 				else if (b == RTLIL::State::S1) b = RTLIL::State::S0;
 			}
 			auto cell = module->addLut(NEW_ID,
-					driver_lut->getPort("\\A"),
+					driver_lut->getPort(ID::A),
 					y_bit,
 					driver_mask);
-			for (auto &bit : cell->connections_.at("\\A")) {
+			for (auto &bit : cell->connections_.at(ID::A)) {
 				bit.wire = module->wires_.at(remap_name(bit.wire->name));
 				bit2sinks[bit].push_back(cell);
 			}
@@ -1084,7 +1082,7 @@ struct Abc9Pass : public Pass {
 
 		dict<int,IdString> box_lookup;
 		for (auto m : design->modules()) {
-			auto it = m->attributes.find("\\abc_box_id");
+			auto it = m->attributes.find(ID(abc_box_id));
 			if (it == m->attributes.end())
 				continue;
 			if (m->name.begins_with("$paramod"))
@@ -1099,7 +1097,7 @@ struct Abc9Pass : public Pass {
 
 		for (auto mod : design->selected_modules())
 		{
-			if (mod->attributes.count("\\abc_box_id"))
+			if (mod->attributes.count(ID(abc_box_id)))
 				continue;
 
 			if (mod->processes.size() > 0) {
@@ -1153,16 +1151,16 @@ struct Abc9Pass : public Pass {
 					}
 				}
 
-				if (cell->type.in("$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFF_N_), ID($_DFF_P_)))
 				{
-					key = clkdomain_t(cell->type == "$_DFF_P_", assign_map(cell->getPort("\\C")), true, RTLIL::SigSpec());
+					key = clkdomain_t(cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_), assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(C))), true, RTLIL::SigSpec());
 				}
 				else
-				if (cell->type.in("$_DFFE_NN_", "$_DFFE_NP_", "$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_NN_), ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_)))
 				{
-					bool this_clk_pol = cell->type.in("$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_");
-					bool this_en_pol = cell->type.in("$_DFFE_NP_", "$_DFFE_PP_");
-					key = clkdomain_t(this_clk_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort("\\C")), this_en_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort("\\E")));
+					bool this_clk_pol = cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_));
+					bool this_en_pol = cell->type.in(ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PP_));
+					key = clkdomain_t(this_clk_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(C))), this_en_pol, assign_map(cell->getPort(ID(E))));
 				}
 				else
 					continue;
diff --git a/passes/techmap/aigmap.cc b/passes/techmap/aigmap.cc
index 2423676cb..1d5e1286b 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/aigmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/aigmap.cc
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ struct AigmapPass : public Pass {
 			{
 				Aig aig(cell);
 
-				if (cell->type.in("$_AND_", "$_NOT_"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($_AND_), ID($_NOT_)))
 					aig.name.clear();
 
-				if (nand_mode && cell->type == "$_NAND_")
+				if (nand_mode && cell->type == ID($_NAND_))
 					aig.name.clear();
 
 				if (aig.name.empty()) {
diff --git a/passes/techmap/alumacc.cc b/passes/techmap/alumacc.cc
index 5c9e42fd4..5b168d524 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/alumacc.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/alumacc.cc
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 
 		RTLIL::SigSpec get_eq() {
 			if (GetSize(cached_eq) == 0)
-				cached_eq = alu_cell->module->ReduceAnd(NEW_ID, alu_cell->getPort("\\X"), false, alu_cell->get_src_attribute());
+				cached_eq = alu_cell->module->ReduceAnd(NEW_ID, alu_cell->getPort(ID(X)), false, alu_cell->get_src_attribute());
 			return cached_eq;
 		}
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 
 		RTLIL::SigSpec get_cf() {
 			if (GetSize(cached_cf) == 0) {
-				cached_cf = alu_cell->getPort("\\CO");
+				cached_cf = alu_cell->getPort(ID(CO));
 				log_assert(GetSize(cached_cf) >= 1);
 				cached_cf = alu_cell->module->Not(NEW_ID, cached_cf[GetSize(cached_cf)-1], false, alu_cell->get_src_attribute());
 			}
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 
 		RTLIL::SigSpec get_of() {
 			if (GetSize(cached_of) == 0) {
-				cached_of = {alu_cell->getPort("\\CO"), alu_cell->getPort("\\CI")};
+				cached_of = {alu_cell->getPort(ID(CO)), alu_cell->getPort(ID(CI))};
 				log_assert(GetSize(cached_of) >= 2);
 				cached_of = alu_cell->module->Xor(NEW_ID, cached_of[GetSize(cached_of)-1], cached_of[GetSize(cached_of)-2]);
 			}
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 
 		RTLIL::SigSpec get_sf() {
 			if (GetSize(cached_sf) == 0) {
-				cached_sf = alu_cell->getPort("\\Y");
+				cached_sf = alu_cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 				cached_sf = cached_sf[GetSize(cached_sf)-1];
 			}
 			return cached_sf;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 	{
 		for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 		{
-			if (!cell->type.in("$pos", "$neg", "$add", "$sub", "$mul"))
+			if (!cell->type.in(ID($pos), ID($neg), ID($add), ID($sub), ID($mul)))
 				continue;
 
 			log("  creating $macc model for %s (%s).\n", log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
@@ -134,38 +134,38 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 			Macc::port_t new_port;
 
 			n->cell = cell;
-			n->y = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			n->y = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 			n->users = 0;
 
 			for (auto bit : n->y)
 				n->users = max(n->users, bit_users.at(bit) - 1);
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$pos", "$neg"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($pos), ID($neg)))
 			{
-				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-				new_port.do_subtract = cell->type == "$neg";
+				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+				new_port.do_subtract = cell->type == ID($neg);
 				n->macc.ports.push_back(new_port);
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$add", "$sub"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($add), ID($sub)))
 			{
-				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
+				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 				new_port.do_subtract = false;
 				n->macc.ports.push_back(new_port);
 
-				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool();
-				new_port.do_subtract = cell->type == "$sub";
+				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+				new_port.do_subtract = cell->type == ID($sub);
 				n->macc.ports.push_back(new_port);
 			}
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$mul"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mul)))
 			{
-				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				new_port.in_b = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
+				new_port.in_a = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				new_port.in_b = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+				new_port.is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 				new_port.do_subtract = false;
 				n->macc.ports.push_back(new_port);
 			}
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 		for (auto &it : sig_macc)
 		{
 			auto n = it.second;
-			auto cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$macc");
+			auto cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($macc));
 
 			macc_counter++;
 
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 
 			n->macc.optimize(GetSize(n->y));
 			n->macc.to_cell(cell);
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", n->y);
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, n->y);
 			cell->fixup_parameters();
 			module->remove(n->cell);
 			delete n;
@@ -376,9 +376,9 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 
 		for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 		{
-			if (cell->type.in("$lt", "$le", "$ge", "$gt"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($lt), ID($le), ID($ge), ID($gt)))
 				lge_cells.push_back(cell);
-			if (cell->type.in("$eq", "$eqx", "$ne", "$nex"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($eqx), ID($ne), ID($nex)))
 				eq_cells.push_back(cell);
 		}
 
@@ -386,13 +386,13 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 		{
 			log("  creating $alu model for %s (%s):", log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
 
-			bool cmp_less = cell->type.in("$lt", "$le");
-			bool cmp_equal = cell->type.in("$le", "$ge");
-			bool is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
+			bool cmp_less = cell->type.in(ID($lt), ID($le));
+			bool cmp_equal = cell->type.in(ID($le), ID($ge));
+			bool is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec Y = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec Y = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 			if (B < A && GetSize(B)) {
 				cmp_less = !cmp_less;
@@ -427,12 +427,12 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 
 		for (auto cell : eq_cells)
 		{
-			bool cmp_equal = cell->type.in("$eq", "$eqx");
-			bool is_signed = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
+			bool cmp_equal = cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($eqx));
+			bool is_signed = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 
-			RTLIL::SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-			RTLIL::SigSpec Y = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec A = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec B = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+			RTLIL::SigSpec Y = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 			if (B < A && GetSize(B))
 				std::swap(A, B);
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 				goto delete_node;
 			}
 
-			n->alu_cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$alu");
+			n->alu_cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($alu));
 			alu_counter++;
 
 			log("  creating $alu cell for ");
@@ -482,13 +482,13 @@ struct AlumaccWorker
 			if (n->cells.size() > 0)
 				n->alu_cell->set_src_attribute(n->cells[0]->get_src_attribute());
 
-			n->alu_cell->setPort("\\A", n->a);
-			n->alu_cell->setPort("\\B", n->b);
-			n->alu_cell->setPort("\\CI", GetSize(n->c) ? n->c : State::S0);
-			n->alu_cell->setPort("\\BI", n->invert_b ? State::S1 : State::S0);
-			n->alu_cell->setPort("\\Y", n->y);
-			n->alu_cell->setPort("\\X", module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(n->y)));
-			n->alu_cell->setPort("\\CO", module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(n->y)));
+			n->alu_cell->setPort(ID::A, n->a);
+			n->alu_cell->setPort(ID::B, n->b);
+			n->alu_cell->setPort(ID(CI), GetSize(n->c) ? n->c : State::S0);
+			n->alu_cell->setPort(ID(BI), n->invert_b ? State::S1 : State::S0);
+			n->alu_cell->setPort(ID::Y, n->y);
+			n->alu_cell->setPort(ID(X), module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(n->y)));
+			n->alu_cell->setPort(ID(CO), module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(n->y)));
 			n->alu_cell->fixup_parameters(n->is_signed, n->is_signed);
 
 			for (auto &it : n->cmp)
diff --git a/passes/techmap/deminout.cc b/passes/techmap/deminout.cc
index 142d12bdc..b976b401b 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/deminout.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/deminout.cc
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ struct DeminoutPass : public Pass {
 						for (auto bit : sigmap(conn.second))
 							bits_used.insert(bit);
 
-					if (conn.first == "\\Y" && cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux", "$_MUX_", "$_TBUF_", "$tribuf"))
+					if (conn.first == ID::Y && cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux), ID($_MUX_), ID($_TBUF_), ID($tribuf)))
 					{
-						bool tribuf = cell->type.in("$_TBUF_", "$tribuf");
+						bool tribuf = cell->type.in(ID($_TBUF_), ID($tribuf));
 
 						if (!tribuf) {
 							for (auto &c : cell->connections()) {
-								if (!c.first.in("\\A", "\\B"))
+								if (!c.first.in(ID::A, ID::B))
 									continue;
 								for (auto b : sigmap(c.second))
 									if (b == State::Sz)
diff --git a/passes/techmap/dff2dffe.cc b/passes/techmap/dff2dffe.cc
index c0bf3a665..e766f2cf6 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/dff2dffe.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/dff2dffe.cc
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 		}
 
 		for (auto cell : module->cells()) {
-			if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$pmux", "$_MUX_")) {
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($pmux), ID($_MUX_))) {
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++)
 					bit2mux[sig_y[i]] = cell_int_t(cell, i);
 			}
 			if (direct_dict.empty()) {
-				if (cell->type.in("$dff", "$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_P_"))
+				if (cell->type.in(ID($dff), ID($_DFF_N_), ID($_DFF_P_)))
 					dff_cells.push_back(cell);
 			} else {
 				if (direct_dict.count(cell->type))
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 			return ret;
 
 		cell_int_t mux_cell_int = bit2mux.at(d);
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = sigmap(mux_cell_int.first->getPort("\\A"));
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = sigmap(mux_cell_int.first->getPort("\\B"));
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = sigmap(mux_cell_int.first->getPort("\\S"));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = sigmap(mux_cell_int.first->getPort(ID::A));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = sigmap(mux_cell_int.first->getPort(ID::B));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = sigmap(mux_cell_int.first->getPort(ID(S)));
 		int width = GetSize(sig_a), index = mux_cell_int.second;
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_s); i++)
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 				ret = find_muxtree_feedback_patterns(sig_b[i*width + index], q, path);
 
 				if (sig_b[i*width + index] == q) {
-					RTLIL::SigSpec s = mux_cell_int.first->getPort("\\B");
+					RTLIL::SigSpec s = mux_cell_int.first->getPort(ID::B);
 					s[i*width + index] = RTLIL::Sx;
-					mux_cell_int.first->setPort("\\B", s);
+					mux_cell_int.first->setPort(ID::B, s);
 				}
 
 				return ret;
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 				ret.insert(pat);
 
 			if (sig_b[i*width + index] == q) {
-				RTLIL::SigSpec s = mux_cell_int.first->getPort("\\B");
+				RTLIL::SigSpec s = mux_cell_int.first->getPort(ID::B);
 				s[i*width + index] = RTLIL::Sx;
-				mux_cell_int.first->setPort("\\B", s);
+				mux_cell_int.first->setPort(ID::B, s);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 			ret.insert(pat);
 
 		if (sig_a[index] == q) {
-			RTLIL::SigSpec s = mux_cell_int.first->getPort("\\A");
+			RTLIL::SigSpec s = mux_cell_int.first->getPort(ID::A);
 			s[index] = RTLIL::Sx;
-			mux_cell_int.first->setPort("\\A", s);
+			mux_cell_int.first->setPort(ID::A, s);
 		}
 
 		return ret;
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 
 	void handle_dff_cell(RTLIL::Cell *dff_cell)
 	{
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = sigmap(dff_cell->getPort("\\D"));
-		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = sigmap(dff_cell->getPort("\\Q"));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = sigmap(dff_cell->getPort(ID(D)));
+		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = sigmap(dff_cell->getPort(ID(Q)));
 
 		std::map<patterns_t, std::set<int>> grouped_patterns;
 		std::set<int> remaining_indices;
@@ -208,16 +208,16 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 			}
 			if (!direct_dict.empty()) {
 				log("  converting %s cell %s to %s for %s -> %s.\n", log_id(dff_cell->type), log_id(dff_cell), log_id(direct_dict.at(dff_cell->type)), log_signal(new_sig_d), log_signal(new_sig_q));
-				dff_cell->setPort("\\E", make_patterns_logic(it.first, true));
+				dff_cell->setPort(ID(E), make_patterns_logic(it.first, true));
 				dff_cell->type = direct_dict.at(dff_cell->type);
 			} else
-			if (dff_cell->type == "$dff") {
-				RTLIL::Cell *new_cell = module->addDffe(NEW_ID, dff_cell->getPort("\\CLK"), make_patterns_logic(it.first, false),
-						new_sig_d, new_sig_q, dff_cell->getParam("\\CLK_POLARITY").as_bool(), true);
+			if (dff_cell->type == ID($dff)) {
+				RTLIL::Cell *new_cell = module->addDffe(NEW_ID, dff_cell->getPort(ID(CLK)), make_patterns_logic(it.first, false),
+						new_sig_d, new_sig_q, dff_cell->getParam(ID(CLK_POLARITY)).as_bool(), true);
 				log("  created $dffe cell %s for %s -> %s.\n", log_id(new_cell), log_signal(new_sig_d), log_signal(new_sig_q));
 			} else {
-				RTLIL::Cell *new_cell = module->addDffeGate(NEW_ID, dff_cell->getPort("\\C"), make_patterns_logic(it.first, true),
-						new_sig_d, new_sig_q, dff_cell->type == "$_DFF_P_", true);
+				RTLIL::Cell *new_cell = module->addDffeGate(NEW_ID, dff_cell->getPort(ID(C)), make_patterns_logic(it.first, true),
+						new_sig_d, new_sig_q, dff_cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_), true);
 				log("  created %s cell %s for %s -> %s.\n", log_id(new_cell->type), log_id(new_cell), log_signal(new_sig_d), log_signal(new_sig_q));
 			}
 		}
@@ -235,9 +235,9 @@ struct Dff2dffeWorker
 				new_sig_d.append(sig_d[i]);
 				new_sig_q.append(sig_q[i]);
 			}
-			dff_cell->setPort("\\D", new_sig_d);
-			dff_cell->setPort("\\Q", new_sig_q);
-			dff_cell->setParam("\\WIDTH", GetSize(remaining_indices));
+			dff_cell->setPort(ID(D), new_sig_d);
+			dff_cell->setPort(ID(Q), new_sig_q);
+			dff_cell->setParam(ID(WIDTH), GetSize(remaining_indices));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -316,25 +316,25 @@ struct Dff2dffePass : public Pass {
 			if (args[argidx] == "-direct-match" && argidx + 1 < args.size()) {
 				bool found_match = false;
 				const char *pattern = args[++argidx].c_str();
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_P_"  )) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_P_"  ] = "$_DFFE_PP_";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_N_"  )) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_N_"  ] = "$_DFFE_NP_";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_NN0_"] = "$__DFFE_NN0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_NN1_"] = "$__DFFE_NN1";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_NP0_"] = "$__DFFE_NP0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_NP1_"] = "$__DFFE_NP1";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_PN0_"] = "$__DFFE_PN0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_PN1_"] = "$__DFFE_PN1";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_PP0_"] = "$__DFFE_PP0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$_DFF_PP1_"] = "$__DFFE_PP1";
-
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_NN0_"] = "$__DFFSE_NN0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_NN1_"] = "$__DFFSE_NN1";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_NP0_"] = "$__DFFSE_NP0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_NP1_"] = "$__DFFSE_NP1";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_PN0_"] = "$__DFFSE_PN0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_PN1_"] = "$__DFFSE_PN1";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_PP0_"] = "$__DFFSE_PP0";
-				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict["$__DFFS_PP1_"] = "$__DFFSE_PP1";
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_P_"  )) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_P_)  ] = ID($_DFFE_PP_);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_N_"  )) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_N_)  ] = ID($_DFFE_NP_);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_NN0_)] = ID($__DFFE_NN0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_NN1_)] = ID($__DFFE_NN1);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_NP0_)] = ID($__DFFE_NP0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_NP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_NP1_)] = ID($__DFFE_NP1);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_PN0_)] = ID($__DFFE_PN0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_PN1_)] = ID($__DFFE_PN1);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_PP0_)] = ID($__DFFE_PP0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$_DFF_PP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($_DFF_PP1_)] = ID($__DFFE_PP1);
+
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_NN0_)] = ID($__DFFSE_NN0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_NN1_)] = ID($__DFFSE_NN1);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_NP0_)] = ID($__DFFSE_NP0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_NP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_NP1_)] = ID($__DFFSE_NP1);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PN0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_PN0_)] = ID($__DFFSE_PN0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PN1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_PN1_)] = ID($__DFFSE_PN1);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PP0_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_PP0_)] = ID($__DFFSE_PP0);
+				if (patmatch(pattern, "$__DFFS_PP1_")) found_match = true, direct_dict[ID($__DFFS_PP1_)] = ID($__DFFSE_PP1);
 				if (!found_match)
 					log_cmd_error("No cell types matched pattern '%s'.\n", pattern);
 				continue;
@@ -355,25 +355,25 @@ struct Dff2dffePass : public Pass {
 				if (unmap_mode) {
 					SigMap sigmap(mod);
 					for (auto cell : mod->selected_cells()) {
-						if (cell->type == "$dffe") {
+						if (cell->type == ID($dffe)) {
 							if (min_ce_use >= 0) {
 								int ce_use = 0;
 								for (auto cell_other : mod->selected_cells()) {
 									if (cell_other->type != cell->type)
 										continue;
-									if (sigmap(cell->getPort("\\EN")) == sigmap(cell_other->getPort("\\EN")))
+									if (sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(EN))) == sigmap(cell_other->getPort(ID(EN))))
 										ce_use++;
 								}
 								if (ce_use >= min_ce_use)
 									continue;
 							}
 
-							RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = mod->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(cell->getPort("\\D")));
-							mod->addDff(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\CLK"), tmp, cell->getPort("\\Q"), cell->getParam("\\CLK_POLARITY").as_bool());
-							if (cell->getParam("\\EN_POLARITY").as_bool())
-								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\Q"), cell->getPort("\\D"), cell->getPort("\\EN"), tmp);
+							RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = mod->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(cell->getPort(ID(D))));
+							mod->addDff(NEW_ID, cell->getPort(ID(CLK)), tmp, cell->getPort(ID(Q)), cell->getParam(ID(CLK_POLARITY)).as_bool());
+							if (cell->getParam(ID(EN_POLARITY)).as_bool())
+								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort(ID(Q)), cell->getPort(ID(D)), cell->getPort(ID(EN)), tmp);
 							else
-								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\D"), cell->getPort("\\Q"), cell->getPort("\\EN"), tmp);
+								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort(ID(D)), cell->getPort(ID(Q)), cell->getPort(ID(EN)), tmp);
 							mod->remove(cell);
 							continue;
 						}
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ struct Dff2dffePass : public Pass {
 								for (auto cell_other : mod->selected_cells()) {
 									if (cell_other->type != cell->type)
 										continue;
-									if (sigmap(cell->getPort("\\E")) == sigmap(cell_other->getPort("\\E")))
+									if (sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(E))) == sigmap(cell_other->getPort(ID(E))))
 										ce_use++;
 								}
 								if (ce_use >= min_ce_use)
@@ -393,11 +393,11 @@ struct Dff2dffePass : public Pass {
 							bool clk_pol = cell->type.compare(7, 1, "P") == 0;
 							bool en_pol = cell->type.compare(8, 1, "P") == 0;
 							RTLIL::SigSpec tmp = mod->addWire(NEW_ID);
-							mod->addDff(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\C"), tmp, cell->getPort("\\Q"), clk_pol);
+							mod->addDff(NEW_ID, cell->getPort(ID(C)), tmp, cell->getPort(ID(Q)), clk_pol);
 							if (en_pol)
-								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\Q"), cell->getPort("\\D"), cell->getPort("\\E"), tmp);
+								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort(ID(Q)), cell->getPort(ID(D)), cell->getPort(ID(E)), tmp);
 							else
-								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\D"), cell->getPort("\\Q"), cell->getPort("\\E"), tmp);
+								mod->addMux(NEW_ID, cell->getPort(ID(D)), cell->getPort(ID(Q)), cell->getPort(ID(E)), tmp);
 							mod->remove(cell);
 							continue;
 						}
diff --git a/passes/techmap/dff2dffs.cc b/passes/techmap/dff2dffs.cc
index 39a4f6ade..0ea033513 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/dff2dffs.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/dff2dffs.cc
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ struct Dff2dffsPass : public Pass {
 		extra_args(args, argidx, design);
 
 		pool<IdString> dff_types;
-		dff_types.insert("$_DFF_N_");
-		dff_types.insert("$_DFF_P_");
+		dff_types.insert(ID($_DFF_N_));
+		dff_types.insert(ID($_DFF_P_));
 
 		for (auto module : design->selected_modules())
 		{
@@ -69,19 +69,19 @@ struct Dff2dffsPass : public Pass {
 					continue;
 				}
 
-				if (cell->type != "$_MUX_")
+				if (cell->type != ID($_MUX_))
 					continue;
 
-				SigBit bit_a = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				SigBit bit_b = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+				SigBit bit_a = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				SigBit bit_b = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
 				if (bit_a.wire == nullptr || bit_b.wire == nullptr)
-					sr_muxes[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"))] = cell;
+					sr_muxes[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y))] = cell;
 			}
 
 			for (auto cell : ff_cells)
 			{
-				SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
+				SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
 
 				if (GetSize(sig_d) < 1)
 					continue;
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ struct Dff2dffsPass : public Pass {
 					continue;
 
 				Cell *mux_cell = sr_muxes.at(bit_d);
-				SigBit bit_a = sigmap(mux_cell->getPort("\\A"));
-				SigBit bit_b = sigmap(mux_cell->getPort("\\B"));
-				SigBit bit_s = sigmap(mux_cell->getPort("\\S"));
+				SigBit bit_a = sigmap(mux_cell->getPort(ID::A));
+				SigBit bit_b = sigmap(mux_cell->getPort(ID::B));
+				SigBit bit_s = sigmap(mux_cell->getPort(ID(S)));
 
 				log("  Merging %s (A=%s, B=%s, S=%s) into %s (%s).\n", log_id(mux_cell),
 						log_signal(bit_a), log_signal(bit_b), log_signal(bit_s), log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
@@ -114,26 +114,26 @@ struct Dff2dffsPass : public Pass {
 				}
 
 				if (sr_val == State::S1) {
-					if (cell->type == "$_DFF_N_") {
-						if (invert_sr) cell->type = "$__DFFS_NN1_";
-						else cell->type = "$__DFFS_NP1_";
+					if (cell->type == ID($_DFF_N_)) {
+						if (invert_sr) cell->type = ID($__DFFS_NN1_);
+						else cell->type = ID($__DFFS_NP1_);
 					} else {
-						log_assert(cell->type == "$_DFF_P_");
-						if (invert_sr) cell->type = "$__DFFS_PN1_";
-						else cell->type = "$__DFFS_PP1_";
+						log_assert(cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_));
+						if (invert_sr) cell->type = ID($__DFFS_PN1_);
+						else cell->type = ID($__DFFS_PP1_);
 					}
 				} else {
-					if (cell->type == "$_DFF_N_") {
-						if (invert_sr) cell->type = "$__DFFS_NN0_";
-						else cell->type = "$__DFFS_NP0_";
+					if (cell->type == ID($_DFF_N_)) {
+						if (invert_sr) cell->type = ID($__DFFS_NN0_);
+						else cell->type = ID($__DFFS_NP0_);
 					} else {
-						log_assert(cell->type == "$_DFF_P_");
-						if (invert_sr) cell->type = "$__DFFS_PN0_";
-						else cell->type = "$__DFFS_PP0_";
+						log_assert(cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_));
+						if (invert_sr) cell->type = ID($__DFFS_PN0_);
+						else cell->type = ID($__DFFS_PP0_);
 					}
 				}
-				cell->setPort("\\R", sr_sig);
-				cell->setPort("\\D", bit_d);
+				cell->setPort(ID(R), sr_sig);
+				cell->setPort(ID(D), bit_d);
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/passes/techmap/dffinit.cc b/passes/techmap/dffinit.cc
index 0ad33dc0e..cf9301442 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/dffinit.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/dffinit.cc
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ struct DffinitPass : public Pass {
 			pool<SigBit> used_bits;
 
 			for (auto wire : module->selected_wires()) {
-				if (wire->attributes.count("\\init")) {
-					Const value = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+				if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
+					Const value = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 					for (int i = 0; i < min(GetSize(value), GetSize(wire)); i++)
 						if (value[i] != State::Sx)
 							init_bits[sigmap(SigBit(wire, i))] = value[i];
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ struct DffinitPass : public Pass {
 			}
 
 			for (auto wire : module->selected_wires())
-				if (wire->attributes.count("\\init")) {
-					Const &value = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+				if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
+					Const &value = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 					bool do_cleanup = true;
 					for (int i = 0; i < min(GetSize(value), GetSize(wire)); i++) {
 						SigBit bit = sigmap(SigBit(wire, i));
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ struct DffinitPass : public Pass {
 					}
 					if (do_cleanup) {
 						log("Removing init attribute from wire %s.%s.\n", log_id(module), log_id(wire));
-						wire->attributes.erase("\\init");
+						wire->attributes.erase(ID(init));
 					}
 				}
 		}
diff --git a/passes/techmap/dfflibmap.cc b/passes/techmap/dfflibmap.cc
index b5c0498d0..b15109cd3 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/dfflibmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/dfflibmap.cc
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
 PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 struct cell_mapping {
-	std::string cell_name;
+	IdString cell_name;
 	std::map<std::string, char> ports;
 };
 static std::map<RTLIL::IdString, cell_mapping> cell_mappings;
 
-static void logmap(std::string dff)
+static void logmap(IdString dff)
 {
 	if (cell_mappings.count(dff) == 0) {
 		log("    unmapped dff cell: %s\n", dff.c_str());
@@ -54,26 +54,26 @@ static void logmap(std::string dff)
 
 static void logmap_all()
 {
-	logmap("$_DFF_N_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_P_");
-
-	logmap("$_DFF_NN0_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_NN1_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_NP0_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_NP1_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_PN0_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_PN1_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_PP0_");
-	logmap("$_DFF_PP1_");
-
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_NNN_");
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_NNP_");
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_NPN_");
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_NPP_");
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_PNN_");
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_PNP_");
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_PPN_");
-	logmap("$_DFFSR_PPP_");
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_N_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_P_));
+
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_NN0_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_NN1_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_NP0_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_NP1_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_PN0_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_PN1_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_PP0_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFF_PP1_));
+
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_NNN_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_NNP_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_NPN_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_NPP_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_PNN_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_PNP_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_PPN_));
+	logmap(ID($_DFFSR_PPP_));
 }
 
 static bool parse_pin(LibertyAst *cell, LibertyAst *attr, std::string &pin_name, bool &pin_pol)
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ static bool parse_pin(LibertyAst *cell, LibertyAst *attr, std::string &pin_name,
 	return false;
 }
 
-static void find_cell(LibertyAst *ast, std::string cell_type, bool clkpol, bool has_reset, bool rstpol, bool rstval, bool prepare_mode)
+static void find_cell(LibertyAst *ast, IdString cell_type, bool clkpol, bool has_reset, bool rstpol, bool rstval, bool prepare_mode)
 {
 	LibertyAst *best_cell = NULL;
 	std::map<std::string, char> best_cell_ports;
@@ -230,13 +230,13 @@ static void find_cell(LibertyAst *ast, std::string cell_type, bool clkpol, bool
 			cell_mappings[cell_type].ports["D"] = 'D';
 			cell_mappings[cell_type].ports["Q"] = 'Q';
 		} else {
-			cell_mappings[cell_type].cell_name = best_cell->args[0];
+			cell_mappings[cell_type].cell_name = RTLIL::escape_id(best_cell->args[0]);
 			cell_mappings[cell_type].ports = best_cell_ports;
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-static void find_cell_sr(LibertyAst *ast, std::string cell_type, bool clkpol, bool setpol, bool clrpol, bool prepare_mode)
+static void find_cell_sr(LibertyAst *ast, IdString cell_type, bool clkpol, bool setpol, bool clrpol, bool prepare_mode)
 {
 	LibertyAst *best_cell = NULL;
 	std::map<std::string, char> best_cell_ports;
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ static void find_cell_sr(LibertyAst *ast, std::string cell_type, bool clkpol, bo
 			cell_mappings[cell_type].ports["D"] = 'D';
 			cell_mappings[cell_type].ports["Q"] = 'Q';
 		} else {
-			cell_mappings[cell_type].cell_name = best_cell->args[0];
+			cell_mappings[cell_type].cell_name = RTLIL::escape_id(best_cell->args[0]);
 			cell_mappings[cell_type].ports = best_cell_ports;
 		}
 	}
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ static bool expand_cellmap(std::string pattern, std::string inv)
 	return return_status;
 }
 
-static void map_sr_to_arst(const char *from, const char *to)
+static void map_sr_to_arst(IdString from, IdString to)
 {
 	if (!cell_mappings.count(from) || cell_mappings.count(to) > 0)
 		return;
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ static void map_sr_to_arst(const char *from, const char *to)
 	log_assert(from_clk_pol == to_clk_pol);
 	log_assert(to_rst_pol == from_set_pol && to_rst_pol == from_clr_pol);
 
-	log("  create mapping for %s from mapping for %s.\n", to, from);
+	log("  create mapping for %s from mapping for %s.\n", to.c_str(), from.c_str());
 	cell_mappings[to].cell_name = cell_mappings[from].cell_name;
 	cell_mappings[to].ports = cell_mappings[from].ports;
 
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ static void map_sr_to_arst(const char *from, const char *to)
 	}
 }
 
-static void map_adff_to_dff(const char *from, const char *to)
+static void map_adff_to_dff(IdString from, IdString to)
 {
 	if (!cell_mappings.count(from) || cell_mappings.count(to) > 0)
 		return;
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ static void map_adff_to_dff(const char *from, const char *to)
 
 	log_assert(from_clk_pol == to_clk_pol);
 
-	log("  create mapping for %s from mapping for %s.\n", to, from);
+	log("  create mapping for %s from mapping for %s.\n", to.c_str(), from.c_str());
 	cell_mappings[to].cell_name = cell_mappings[from].cell_name;
 	cell_mappings[to].ports = cell_mappings[from].ports;
 
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@ static void dfflibmap(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool prepare
 	for (auto &it : module->cells_) {
 		if (design->selected(module, it.second) && cell_mappings.count(it.second->type) > 0)
 			cell_list.push_back(it.second);
-		if (it.second->type == "$_NOT_")
-			notmap[sigmap(it.second->getPort("\\A"))].insert(it.second);
+		if (it.second->type == ID($_NOT_))
+			notmap[sigmap(it.second->getPort(ID::A))].insert(it.second);
 	}
 
 	std::map<std::string, int> stats;
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ static void dfflibmap(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool prepare
 		module->remove(cell);
 
 		cell_mapping &cm = cell_mappings[cell_type];
-		RTLIL::Cell *new_cell = module->addCell(cell_name, prepare_mode ? cm.cell_name : "\\" + cm.cell_name);
+		RTLIL::Cell *new_cell = module->addCell(cell_name, prepare_mode ? cm.cell_name : cm.cell_name);
 
 		new_cell->set_src_attribute(src);
 
@@ -519,8 +519,8 @@ static void dfflibmap(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::Module *module, bool prepare
 				sig = module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(old_sig));
 				if (has_q && has_qn) {
 					for (auto &it : notmap[sigmap(old_sig)]) {
-						module->connect(it->getPort("\\Y"), sig);
-						it->setPort("\\Y", module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(old_sig)));
+						module->connect(it->getPort(ID::Y), sig);
+						it->setPort(ID::Y, module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(old_sig)));
 					}
 				} else {
 					module->addNotGate(NEW_ID, sig, old_sig);
@@ -599,26 +599,26 @@ struct DfflibmapPass : public Pass {
 		LibertyParser libparser(f);
 		f.close();
 
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_N_", false, false, false, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_P_", true, false, false, false, prepare_mode);
-
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_NN0_", false, true, false, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_NN1_", false, true, false, true, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_NP0_", false, true, true, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_NP1_", false, true, true, true, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_PN0_", true, true, false, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_PN1_", true, true, false, true, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_PP0_", true, true, true, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell(libparser.ast, "$_DFF_PP1_", true, true, true, true, prepare_mode);
-
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_NNN_", false, false, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_NNP_", false, false, true, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_NPN_", false, true, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_NPP_", false, true, true, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_PNN_", true, false, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_PNP_", true, false, true, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_PPN_", true, true, false, prepare_mode);
-		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, "$_DFFSR_PPP_", true, true, true, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_N_), false, false, false, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_P_), true, false, false, false, prepare_mode);
+
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_NN0_), false, true, false, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_NN1_), false, true, false, true, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_NP0_), false, true, true, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_NP1_), false, true, true, true, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_PN0_), true, true, false, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_PN1_), true, true, false, true, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_PP0_), true, true, true, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell(libparser.ast, ID($_DFF_PP1_), true, true, true, true, prepare_mode);
+
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_NNN_), false, false, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_NNP_), false, false, true, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_NPN_), false, true, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_NPP_), false, true, true, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_PNN_), true, false, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_PNP_), true, false, true, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_PPN_), true, true, false, prepare_mode);
+		find_cell_sr(libparser.ast, ID($_DFFSR_PPP_), true, true, true, prepare_mode);
 
 		// try to implement as many cells as possible just by inverting
 		// the SET and RESET pins. If necessary, implement cell types
@@ -642,23 +642,23 @@ struct DfflibmapPass : public Pass {
 			break;
 		}
 
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_NNN_", "$_DFF_NN0_");
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_NNN_", "$_DFF_NN1_");
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_NPP_", "$_DFF_NP0_");
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_NPP_", "$_DFF_NP1_");
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_PNN_", "$_DFF_PN0_");
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_PNN_", "$_DFF_PN1_");
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_PPP_", "$_DFF_PP0_");
-		map_sr_to_arst("$_DFFSR_PPP_", "$_DFF_PP1_");
-
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_NN0_", "$_DFF_N_");
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_NN1_", "$_DFF_N_");
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_NP0_", "$_DFF_N_");
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_NP1_", "$_DFF_N_");
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_PN0_", "$_DFF_P_");
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_PN1_", "$_DFF_P_");
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_PP0_", "$_DFF_P_");
-		map_adff_to_dff("$_DFF_PP1_", "$_DFF_P_");
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_NNN_), ID($_DFF_NN0_));
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_NNN_), ID($_DFF_NN1_));
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_NPP_), ID($_DFF_NP0_));
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_NPP_), ID($_DFF_NP1_));
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_PNN_), ID($_DFF_PN0_));
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_PNN_), ID($_DFF_PN1_));
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_PPP_), ID($_DFF_PP0_));
+		map_sr_to_arst(ID($_DFFSR_PPP_), ID($_DFF_PP1_));
+
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_NN0_), ID($_DFF_N_));
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_NN1_), ID($_DFF_N_));
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_NP0_), ID($_DFF_N_));
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_NP1_), ID($_DFF_N_));
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_PN0_), ID($_DFF_P_));
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_PN1_), ID($_DFF_P_));
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_PP0_), ID($_DFF_P_));
+		map_adff_to_dff(ID($_DFF_PP1_), ID($_DFF_P_));
 
 		log("  final dff cell mappings:\n");
 		logmap_all();
diff --git a/passes/techmap/dffsr2dff.cc b/passes/techmap/dffsr2dff.cc
index 086a1d2fa..61b06fdc1 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/dffsr2dff.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/dffsr2dff.cc
@@ -25,17 +25,17 @@ PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 void dffsr_worker(SigMap &sigmap, Module *module, Cell *cell)
 {
-	if (cell->type == "$dffsr")
+	if (cell->type == ID($dffsr))
 	{
-		int width = cell->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-		bool setpol = cell->getParam("\\SET_POLARITY").as_bool();
-		bool clrpol = cell->getParam("\\CLR_POLARITY").as_bool();
+		int width = cell->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+		bool setpol = cell->getParam(ID(SET_POLARITY)).as_bool();
+		bool clrpol = cell->getParam(ID(CLR_POLARITY)).as_bool();
 
 		SigBit setunused = setpol ? State::S0 : State::S1;
 		SigBit clrunused = clrpol ? State::S0 : State::S1;
 
-		SigSpec setsig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\SET"));
-		SigSpec clrsig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\CLR"));
+		SigSpec setsig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(SET)));
+		SigSpec clrsig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(CLR)));
 
 		Const reset_val;
 		SigSpec setctrl, clrctrl;
@@ -78,32 +78,32 @@ void dffsr_worker(SigMap &sigmap, Module *module, Cell *cell)
 		log("Converting %s cell %s.%s to $adff.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(module), log_id(cell));
 
 		if (GetSize(setctrl) == 1) {
-			cell->setPort("\\ARST", setctrl);
-			cell->setParam("\\ARST_POLARITY", setpol);
+			cell->setPort(ID(ARST), setctrl);
+			cell->setParam(ID(ARST_POLARITY), setpol);
 		} else {
-			cell->setPort("\\ARST", clrctrl);
-			cell->setParam("\\ARST_POLARITY", clrpol);
+			cell->setPort(ID(ARST), clrctrl);
+			cell->setParam(ID(ARST_POLARITY), clrpol);
 		}
 
-		cell->type = "$adff";
-		cell->unsetPort("\\SET");
-		cell->unsetPort("\\CLR");
-		cell->setParam("\\ARST_VALUE", reset_val);
-		cell->unsetParam("\\SET_POLARITY");
-		cell->unsetParam("\\CLR_POLARITY");
+		cell->type = ID($adff);
+		cell->unsetPort(ID(SET));
+		cell->unsetPort(ID(CLR));
+		cell->setParam(ID(ARST_VALUE), reset_val);
+		cell->unsetParam(ID(SET_POLARITY));
+		cell->unsetParam(ID(CLR_POLARITY));
 
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_DFFSR_NNN_", "$_DFFSR_NNP_", "$_DFFSR_NPN_", "$_DFFSR_NPP_",
-			"$_DFFSR_PNN_", "$_DFFSR_PNP_", "$_DFFSR_PPN_", "$_DFFSR_PPP_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFFSR_NNN_), ID($_DFFSR_NNP_), ID($_DFFSR_NPN_), ID($_DFFSR_NPP_),
+			ID($_DFFSR_PNN_), ID($_DFFSR_PNP_), ID($_DFFSR_PPN_), ID($_DFFSR_PPP_)))
 	{
 		char clkpol = cell->type.c_str()[8];
 		char setpol = cell->type.c_str()[9];
 		char clrpol = cell->type.c_str()[10];
 
-		SigBit setbit = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\S"));
-		SigBit clrbit = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\R"));
+		SigBit setbit = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+		SigBit clrbit = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(R)));
 
 		SigBit setunused = setpol == 'P' ? State::S0 : State::S1;
 		SigBit clrunused = clrpol == 'P' ? State::S0 : State::S1;
@@ -112,14 +112,14 @@ void dffsr_worker(SigMap &sigmap, Module *module, Cell *cell)
 
 		if (setbit == setunused) {
 			cell->type = stringf("$_DFF_%c%c0_", clkpol, clrpol);
-			cell->unsetPort("\\S");
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
 			goto converted_gate;
 		}
 
 		if (clrbit == clrunused) {
 			cell->type = stringf("$_DFF_%c%c1_", clkpol, setpol);
-			cell->setPort("\\R", cell->getPort("\\S"));
-			cell->unsetPort("\\S");
+			cell->setPort(ID(R), cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+			cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
 			goto converted_gate;
 		}
 
@@ -133,32 +133,32 @@ void dffsr_worker(SigMap &sigmap, Module *module, Cell *cell)
 
 void adff_worker(SigMap &sigmap, Module *module, Cell *cell)
 {
-	if (cell->type == "$adff")
+	if (cell->type == ID($adff))
 	{
-		bool rstpol = cell->getParam("\\ARST_POLARITY").as_bool();
+		bool rstpol = cell->getParam(ID(ARST_POLARITY)).as_bool();
 		SigBit rstunused = rstpol ? State::S0 : State::S1;
-		SigSpec rstsig = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\ARST"));
+		SigSpec rstsig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(ARST)));
 
 		if (rstsig != rstunused)
 			return;
 
 		log("Converting %s cell %s.%s to $dff.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(module), log_id(cell));
 
-		cell->type = "$dff";
-		cell->unsetPort("\\ARST");
-		cell->unsetParam("\\ARST_VALUE");
-		cell->unsetParam("\\ARST_POLARITY");
+		cell->type = ID($dff);
+		cell->unsetPort(ID(ARST));
+		cell->unsetParam(ID(ARST_VALUE));
+		cell->unsetParam(ID(ARST_POLARITY));
 
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type.in("$_DFF_NN0_", "$_DFF_NN1_", "$_DFF_NP0_", "$_DFF_NP1_",
-			"$_DFF_PN0_", "$_DFF_PN1_", "$_DFF_PP0_", "$_DFF_PP1_"))
+	if (cell->type.in(ID($_DFF_NN0_), ID($_DFF_NN1_), ID($_DFF_NP0_), ID($_DFF_NP1_),
+			ID($_DFF_PN0_), ID($_DFF_PN1_), ID($_DFF_PP0_), ID($_DFF_PP1_)))
 	{
 		char clkpol = cell->type.c_str()[6];
 		char rstpol = cell->type.c_str()[7];
 
-		SigBit rstbit = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\R"));
+		SigBit rstbit = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(R)));
 		SigBit rstunused = rstpol == 'P' ? State::S0 : State::S1;
 
 		if (rstbit != rstunused)
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ void adff_worker(SigMap &sigmap, Module *module, Cell *cell)
 		log("Converting %s cell %s.%s to %s.\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(module), log_id(cell), log_id(newtype));
 
 		cell->type = newtype;
-		cell->unsetPort("\\R");
+		cell->unsetPort(ID(R));
 
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/passes/techmap/extract.cc b/passes/techmap/extract.cc
index e3b4faba1..f8798eea5 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/extract.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/extract.cc
@@ -58,36 +58,36 @@ public:
 			return value;
 
 	#define param_bool(_n) if (param == _n) return value.as_bool();
-		param_bool("\\ARST_POLARITY");
-		param_bool("\\A_SIGNED");
-		param_bool("\\B_SIGNED");
-		param_bool("\\CLK_ENABLE");
-		param_bool("\\CLK_POLARITY");
-		param_bool("\\CLR_POLARITY");
-		param_bool("\\EN_POLARITY");
-		param_bool("\\SET_POLARITY");
-		param_bool("\\TRANSPARENT");
+		param_bool(ID(ARST_POLARITY));
+		param_bool(ID(A_SIGNED));
+		param_bool(ID(B_SIGNED));
+		param_bool(ID(CLK_ENABLE));
+		param_bool(ID(CLK_POLARITY));
+		param_bool(ID(CLR_POLARITY));
+		param_bool(ID(EN_POLARITY));
+		param_bool(ID(SET_POLARITY));
+		param_bool(ID(TRANSPARENT));
 	#undef param_bool
 
 	#define param_int(_n) if (param == _n) return value.as_int();
-		param_int("\\ABITS")
-		param_int("\\A_WIDTH")
-		param_int("\\B_WIDTH")
-		param_int("\\CTRL_IN_WIDTH")
-		param_int("\\CTRL_OUT_WIDTH")
-		param_int("\\OFFSET")
-		param_int("\\PRIORITY")
-		param_int("\\RD_PORTS")
-		param_int("\\SIZE")
-		param_int("\\STATE_BITS")
-		param_int("\\STATE_NUM")
-		param_int("\\STATE_NUM_LOG2")
-		param_int("\\STATE_RST")
-		param_int("\\S_WIDTH")
-		param_int("\\TRANS_NUM")
-		param_int("\\WIDTH")
-		param_int("\\WR_PORTS")
-		param_int("\\Y_WIDTH")
+		param_int(ID(ABITS))
+		param_int(ID(A_WIDTH))
+		param_int(ID(B_WIDTH))
+		param_int(ID(CTRL_IN_WIDTH))
+		param_int(ID(CTRL_OUT_WIDTH))
+		param_int(ID(OFFSET))
+		param_int(ID(PRIORITY))
+		param_int(ID(RD_PORTS))
+		param_int(ID(SIZE))
+		param_int(ID(STATE_BITS))
+		param_int(ID(STATE_NUM))
+		param_int(ID(STATE_NUM_LOG2))
+		param_int(ID(STATE_RST))
+		param_int(ID(S_WIDTH))
+		param_int(ID(TRANS_NUM))
+		param_int(ID(WIDTH))
+		param_int(ID(WR_PORTS))
+		param_int(ID(Y_WIDTH))
 	#undef param_int
 
 		return value;
@@ -341,10 +341,10 @@ RTLIL::Cell *replace(RTLIL::Module *needle, RTLIL::Module *haystack, SubCircuit:
 bool compareSortNeedleList(RTLIL::Module *left, RTLIL::Module *right)
 {
 	int left_idx = 0, right_idx = 0;
-	if (left->attributes.count("\\extract_order") > 0)
-		left_idx = left->attributes.at("\\extract_order").as_int();
-	if (right->attributes.count("\\extract_order") > 0)
-		right_idx = right->attributes.at("\\extract_order").as_int();
+	if (left->attributes.count(ID(extract_order)) > 0)
+		left_idx = left->attributes.at(ID(extract_order)).as_int();
+	if (right->attributes.count(ID(extract_order)) > 0)
+		right_idx = right->attributes.at(ID(extract_order)).as_int();
 	if (left_idx != right_idx)
 		return left_idx < right_idx;
 	return left->name < right->name;
diff --git a/passes/techmap/extract_counter.cc b/passes/techmap/extract_counter.cc
index a8d0bc834..17a99493d 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/extract_counter.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/extract_counter.cc
@@ -120,71 +120,71 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 
 	//A counter with less than 2 bits makes no sense
 	//TODO: configurable min threshold
-	int a_width = cell->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
+	int a_width = cell->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
 	extract.width = a_width;
 	if( (a_width < 2) || (a_width > maxwidth) )
 		return 1;
 
 	//Second input must be a single bit
-	int b_width = cell->getParam("\\B_WIDTH").as_int();
+	int b_width = cell->getParam(ID(B_WIDTH)).as_int();
 	if(b_width != 1)
 		return 2;
 
 	//Both inputs must be unsigned, so don't extract anything with a signed input
-	bool a_sign = cell->getParam("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-	bool b_sign = cell->getParam("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool();
+	bool a_sign = cell->getParam(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+	bool b_sign = cell->getParam(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool();
 	if(a_sign || b_sign)
 		return 3;
 
 	//To be a counter, one input of the ALU must be a constant 1
 	//TODO: can A or B be swapped in synthesized RTL or is B always the 1?
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec b_port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec b_port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 	if(!b_port.is_fully_const() || (b_port.as_int() != 1) )
 		return 4;
 
 	//BI and CI must be constant 1 as well
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec bi_port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\BI"));
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec bi_port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(BI)));
 	if(!bi_port.is_fully_const() || (bi_port.as_int() != 1) )
 		return 5;
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec ci_port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\CI"));
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec ci_port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(CI)));
 	if(!ci_port.is_fully_const() || (ci_port.as_int() != 1) )
 		return 6;
 
 	//CO and X must be unconnected (exactly one connection to each port)
-	if(!is_unconnected(sigmap(cell->getPort("\\CO")), index))
+	if(!is_unconnected(sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(CO))), index))
 		return 7;
-	if(!is_unconnected(sigmap(cell->getPort("\\X")), index))
+	if(!is_unconnected(sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(X))), index))
 		return 8;
 
 	//Y must have exactly one connection, and it has to be a $mux cell.
 	//We must have a direct bus connection from our Y to their A.
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec aluy = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec aluy = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 	pool<Cell*> y_loads = get_other_cells(aluy, index, cell);
 	if(y_loads.size() != 1)
 		return 9;
 	Cell* count_mux = *y_loads.begin();
 	extract.count_mux = count_mux;
-	if(count_mux->type != "$mux")
+	if(count_mux->type != ID($mux))
 		return 10;
-	if(!is_full_bus(aluy, index, cell, "\\Y", count_mux, "\\A"))
+	if(!is_full_bus(aluy, index, cell, ID::Y, count_mux, ID::A))
 		return 11;
 
 	//B connection of the mux is our underflow value
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec underflow = sigmap(count_mux->getPort("\\B"));
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec underflow = sigmap(count_mux->getPort(ID::B));
 	if(!underflow.is_fully_const())
 		return 12;
 	extract.count_value = underflow.as_int();
 
 	//S connection of the mux must come from an inverter (need not be the only load)
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec muxsel = sigmap(count_mux->getPort("\\S"));
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec muxsel = sigmap(count_mux->getPort(ID(S)));
 	extract.outsig = muxsel;
 	pool<Cell*> muxsel_conns = get_other_cells(muxsel, index, count_mux);
 	Cell* underflow_inv = NULL;
 	for(auto c : muxsel_conns)
 	{
-		if(c->type != "$logic_not")
+		if(c->type != ID($logic_not))
 			continue;
-		if(!is_full_bus(muxsel, index, c, "\\Y", count_mux, "\\S", true))
+		if(!is_full_bus(muxsel, index, c, ID::Y, count_mux, ID(S), true))
 			continue;
 
 		underflow_inv = c;
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 
 	//Y connection of the mux must have exactly one load, the counter's internal register, if there's no clock enable
 	//If we have a clock enable, Y drives the B input of a mux. A of that mux must come from our register
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec muxy = sigmap(count_mux->getPort("\\Y"));
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec muxy = sigmap(count_mux->getPort(ID::Y));
 	pool<Cell*> muxy_loads = get_other_cells(muxy, index, count_mux);
 	if(muxy_loads.size() != 1)
 		return 14;
@@ -204,12 +204,12 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 	Cell* count_reg = muxload;
 	Cell* cemux = NULL;
 	RTLIL::SigSpec cey;
-	if(muxload->type == "$mux")
+	if(muxload->type == ID($mux))
 	{
 		//This mux is probably a clock enable mux.
 		//Find our count register (should be our only load)
 		cemux = muxload;
-		cey = sigmap(cemux->getPort("\\Y"));
+		cey = sigmap(cemux->getPort(ID::Y));
 		pool<Cell*> cey_loads = get_other_cells(cey, index, cemux);
 		if(cey_loads.size() != 1)
 			return 24;
@@ -217,32 +217,32 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 
 		//Mux should have A driven by count Q, and B by muxy
 		//TODO: if A and B are swapped, CE polarity is inverted
-		if(sigmap(cemux->getPort("\\B")) != muxy)
+		if(sigmap(cemux->getPort(ID::B)) != muxy)
 			return 24;
-		if(sigmap(cemux->getPort("\\A")) != sigmap(count_reg->getPort("\\Q")))
+		if(sigmap(cemux->getPort(ID::A)) != sigmap(count_reg->getPort(ID(Q))))
 			return 24;
-		if(sigmap(cemux->getPort("\\Y")) != sigmap(count_reg->getPort("\\D")))
+		if(sigmap(cemux->getPort(ID::Y)) != sigmap(count_reg->getPort(ID(D))))
 			return 24;
 
 		//Select of the mux is our clock enable
 		extract.has_ce = true;
-		extract.ce = sigmap(cemux->getPort("\\S"));
+		extract.ce = sigmap(cemux->getPort(ID(S)));
 	}
 	else
 		extract.has_ce = false;
 
 	extract.count_reg = count_reg;
-	if(count_reg->type == "$dff")
+	if(count_reg->type == ID($dff))
 		extract.has_reset = false;
-	else if(count_reg->type == "$adff")
+	else if(count_reg->type == ID($adff))
 	{
 		extract.has_reset = true;
 
 		//Check polarity of reset - we may have to add an inverter later on!
-		extract.rst_inverted = (count_reg->getParam("\\ARST_POLARITY").as_int() != 1);
+		extract.rst_inverted = (count_reg->getParam(ID(ARST_POLARITY)).as_int() != 1);
 
 		//Verify ARST_VALUE is zero or full scale
-		int rst_value = count_reg->getParam("\\ARST_VALUE").as_int();
+		int rst_value = count_reg->getParam(ID(ARST_VALUE)).as_int();
 		if(rst_value == 0)
 			extract.rst_to_max = false;
 		else if(rst_value == extract.count_value)
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 			return 23;
 
 		//Save the reset
-		extract.rst = sigmap(count_reg->getPort("\\ARST"));
+		extract.rst = sigmap(count_reg->getPort(ID(ARST)));
 	}
 	//TODO: support synchronous reset
 	else
@@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 	//Sanity check that we use the ALU output properly
 	if(extract.has_ce)
 	{
-		if(!is_full_bus(muxy, index, count_mux, "\\Y", cemux, "\\B"))
+		if(!is_full_bus(muxy, index, count_mux, ID::Y, cemux, ID::B))
 			return 16;
-		if(!is_full_bus(cey, index, cemux, "\\Y", count_reg, "\\D"))
+		if(!is_full_bus(cey, index, cemux, ID::Y, count_reg, ID(D)))
 			return 16;
 	}
-	else if(!is_full_bus(muxy, index, count_mux, "\\Y", count_reg, "\\D"))
+	else if(!is_full_bus(muxy, index, count_mux, ID::Y, count_reg, ID(D)))
 		return 16;
 
 	//TODO: Verify count_reg CLK_POLARITY is 1
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 	//Register output must have exactly two loads, the inverter and ALU
 	//(unless we have a parallel output!)
 	//If we have a clock enable, 3 is OK
-	const RTLIL::SigSpec qport = count_reg->getPort("\\Q");
+	const RTLIL::SigSpec qport = count_reg->getPort(ID(Q));
 	const RTLIL::SigSpec cnout = sigmap(qport);
 	pool<Cell*> cnout_loads = get_other_cells(cnout, index, count_reg);
 	unsigned int max_loads = 2;
@@ -312,19 +312,19 @@ int counter_tryextract(
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	if(!is_full_bus(cnout, index, count_reg, "\\Q", underflow_inv, "\\A", true))
+	if(!is_full_bus(cnout, index, count_reg, ID(Q), underflow_inv, ID::A, true))
 		return 18;
-	if(!is_full_bus(cnout, index, count_reg, "\\Q", cell, "\\A", true))
+	if(!is_full_bus(cnout, index, count_reg, ID(Q), cell, ID::A, true))
 		return 19;
 
 	//Look up the clock from the register
-	extract.clk = sigmap(count_reg->getPort("\\CLK"));
+	extract.clk = sigmap(count_reg->getPort(ID(CLK)));
 
 	//Register output net must have an INIT attribute equal to the count value
 	extract.rwire = cnout.as_wire();
-	if(extract.rwire->attributes.find("\\init") == extract.rwire->attributes.end())
+	if(extract.rwire->attributes.find(ID(init)) == extract.rwire->attributes.end())
 		return 20;
-	int rinit = extract.rwire->attributes["\\init"].as_int();
+	int rinit = extract.rwire->attributes[ID(init)].as_int();
 	if(rinit != extract.count_value)
 		return 21;
 
@@ -343,21 +343,21 @@ void counter_worker(
 	SigMap& sigmap = index.sigmap;
 
 	//Core of the counter must be an ALU
-	if (cell->type != "$alu")
+	if (cell->type != ID($alu))
 		return;
 
 	//A input is the count value. Check if it has COUNT_EXTRACT set.
 	//If it's not a wire, don't even try
-	auto port = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+	auto port = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 	if(!port.is_wire())
 		return;
 	RTLIL::Wire* a_wire = port.as_wire();
 	bool force_extract = false;
 	bool never_extract = false;
-	string count_reg_src = a_wire->attributes["\\src"].decode_string().c_str();
-	if(a_wire->attributes.find("\\COUNT_EXTRACT") != a_wire->attributes.end())
+	string count_reg_src = a_wire->attributes[ID(src)].decode_string().c_str();
+	if(a_wire->attributes.find(ID(COUNT_EXTRACT)) != a_wire->attributes.end())
 	{
-		pool<string> sa = a_wire->get_strpool_attribute("\\COUNT_EXTRACT");
+		pool<string> sa = a_wire->get_strpool_attribute(ID(COUNT_EXTRACT));
 		string extract_value;
 		if(sa.size() >= 1)
 		{
@@ -434,66 +434,66 @@ void counter_worker(
 	string countname = string("$COUNTx$") + log_id(extract.rwire->name.str());
 
 	//Wipe all of the old connections to the ALU
-	cell->unsetPort("\\A");
-	cell->unsetPort("\\B");
-	cell->unsetPort("\\BI");
-	cell->unsetPort("\\CI");
-	cell->unsetPort("\\CO");
-	cell->unsetPort("\\X");
-	cell->unsetPort("\\Y");
-	cell->unsetParam("\\A_SIGNED");
-	cell->unsetParam("\\A_WIDTH");
-	cell->unsetParam("\\B_SIGNED");
-	cell->unsetParam("\\B_WIDTH");
-	cell->unsetParam("\\Y_WIDTH");
+	cell->unsetPort(ID::A);
+	cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
+	cell->unsetPort(ID(BI));
+	cell->unsetPort(ID(CI));
+	cell->unsetPort(ID(CO));
+	cell->unsetPort(ID(X));
+	cell->unsetPort(ID::Y);
+	cell->unsetParam(ID(A_SIGNED));
+	cell->unsetParam(ID(A_WIDTH));
+	cell->unsetParam(ID(B_SIGNED));
+	cell->unsetParam(ID(B_WIDTH));
+	cell->unsetParam(ID(Y_WIDTH));
 
 	//Change the cell type
-	cell->type = "$__COUNT_";
+	cell->type = ID($__COUNT_);
 
 	//Hook up resets
 	if(extract.has_reset)
 	{
 		//TODO: support other kinds of reset
-		cell->setParam("\\RESET_MODE", RTLIL::Const("LEVEL"));
+		cell->setParam(ID(RESET_MODE), RTLIL::Const("LEVEL"));
 
 		//If the reset is active low, infer an inverter ($__COUNT_ cells always have active high reset)
 		if(extract.rst_inverted)
 		{
 			auto realreset = cell->module->addWire(NEW_ID);
 			cell->module->addNot(NEW_ID, extract.rst, RTLIL::SigSpec(realreset));
-			cell->setPort("\\RST", realreset);
+			cell->setPort(ID(RST), realreset);
 		}
 		else
-			cell->setPort("\\RST", extract.rst);
+			cell->setPort(ID(RST), extract.rst);
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		cell->setParam("\\RESET_MODE", RTLIL::Const("RISING"));
-		cell->setPort("\\RST", RTLIL::SigSpec(false));
+		cell->setParam(ID(RESET_MODE), RTLIL::Const("RISING"));
+		cell->setPort(ID(RST), RTLIL::SigSpec(false));
 	}
 
 	//Hook up other stuff
-	//cell->setParam("\\CLKIN_DIVIDE", RTLIL::Const(1));
-	cell->setParam("\\COUNT_TO", RTLIL::Const(extract.count_value));
-	cell->setParam("\\WIDTH", RTLIL::Const(extract.width));
-	cell->setPort("\\CLK", extract.clk);
-	cell->setPort("\\OUT", extract.outsig);
+	//cell->setParam(ID(CLKIN_DIVIDE), RTLIL::Const(1));
+	cell->setParam(ID(COUNT_TO), RTLIL::Const(extract.count_value));
+	cell->setParam(ID(WIDTH), RTLIL::Const(extract.width));
+	cell->setPort(ID(CLK), extract.clk);
+	cell->setPort(ID(OUT), extract.outsig);
 
 	//Hook up clock enable
 	if(extract.has_ce)
 	{
-		cell->setParam("\\HAS_CE", RTLIL::Const(1));
-		cell->setPort("\\CE", extract.ce);
+		cell->setParam(ID(HAS_CE), RTLIL::Const(1));
+		cell->setPort(ID(CE), extract.ce);
 	}
 	else
-		cell->setParam("\\HAS_CE", RTLIL::Const(0));
+		cell->setParam(ID(HAS_CE), RTLIL::Const(0));
 
 	//Hook up hard-wired ports (for now up/down are not supported), default to no parallel output
-	cell->setParam("\\HAS_POUT", RTLIL::Const(0));
-	cell->setParam("\\RESET_TO_MAX", RTLIL::Const(0));
-	cell->setParam("\\DIRECTION", RTLIL::Const("DOWN"));
-	cell->setPort("\\CE", RTLIL::Const(1));
-	cell->setPort("\\UP", RTLIL::Const(0));
+	cell->setParam(ID(HAS_POUT), RTLIL::Const(0));
+	cell->setParam(ID(RESET_TO_MAX), RTLIL::Const(0));
+	cell->setParam(ID(DIRECTION), RTLIL::Const("DOWN"));
+	cell->setPort(ID(CE), RTLIL::Const(1));
+	cell->setPort(ID(UP), RTLIL::Const(0));
 
 	//Hook up any parallel outputs
 	for(auto load : extract.pouts)
@@ -505,8 +505,8 @@ void counter_worker(
 
 		//Connect it to our parallel output
 		//(this is OK to do more than once b/c they all go to the same place)
-		cell->setPort("\\POUT", sig);
-		cell->setParam("\\HAS_POUT", RTLIL::Const(1));
+		cell->setPort(ID(POUT), sig);
+		cell->setParam(ID(HAS_POUT), RTLIL::Const(1));
 	}
 
 	//Delete the cells we've replaced (let opt_clean handle deleting the now-redundant wires)
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ void counter_worker(
 		int newbits = ceil(log2(extract.count_value));
 		if(extract.width != newbits)
 		{
-			cell->setParam("\\WIDTH", RTLIL::Const(newbits));
+			cell->setParam(ID(WIDTH), RTLIL::Const(newbits));
 			log("    Optimizing out %d unused high-order bits (new width is %d)\n",
 				extract.width - newbits,
 				newbits);
diff --git a/passes/techmap/extract_fa.cc b/passes/techmap/extract_fa.cc
index b541ceb6b..29700c37b 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/extract_fa.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/extract_fa.cc
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ struct ExtractFaWorker
 	{
 		for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 		{
-			if (cell->type.in( "$_BUF_", "$_NOT_", "$_AND_", "$_NAND_", "$_OR_", "$_NOR_",
-					"$_XOR_", "$_XNOR_", "$_ANDNOT_", "$_ORNOT_", "$_MUX_", "$_NMUX_",
-					"$_AOI3_", "$_OAI3_", "$_AOI4_", "$_OAI4_"))
+			if (cell->type.in( ID($_BUF_), ID($_NOT_), ID($_AND_), ID($_NAND_), ID($_OR_), ID($_NOR_),
+					ID($_XOR_), ID($_XNOR_), ID($_ANDNOT_), ID($_ORNOT_), ID($_MUX_), ID($_NMUX_),
+					ID($_AOI3_), ID($_OAI3_), ID($_AOI4_), ID($_OAI4_)))
 			{
-				SigBit y = sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort("\\Y")));
+				SigBit y = sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort(ID::Y)));
 				log_assert(driver.count(y) == 0);
 				driver[y] = cell;
 			}
@@ -262,10 +262,10 @@ struct ExtractFaWorker
 			pool<SigBit> new_leaves = leaves;
 
 			new_leaves.erase(bit);
-			if (cell->hasPort("\\A")) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort("\\A"))));
-			if (cell->hasPort("\\B")) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort("\\B"))));
-			if (cell->hasPort("\\C")) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort("\\C"))));
-			if (cell->hasPort("\\D")) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort("\\D"))));
+			if (cell->hasPort(ID::A)) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort(ID::A))));
+			if (cell->hasPort(ID::B)) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort(ID::B))));
+			if (cell->hasPort(ID(C))) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort(ID(C)))));
+			if (cell->hasPort(ID(D))) new_leaves.insert(sigmap(SigBit(cell->getPort(ID(D)))));
 
 			if (GetSize(new_leaves) > maxbreadth)
 				continue;
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ struct ExtractFaWorker
 	void assign_new_driver(SigBit bit, SigBit new_driver)
 	{
 		Cell *cell = driver.at(bit);
-		if (sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y")) == bit) {
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", module->addWire(NEW_ID));
+		if (sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y)) == bit) {
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, module->addWire(NEW_ID));
 			module->connect(bit, new_driver);
 		}
 	}
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ struct ExtractFaWorker
 
 		for (auto it : driver)
 		{
-			if (it.second->type.in("$_BUF_", "$_NOT_"))
+			if (it.second->type.in(ID($_BUF_), ID($_NOT_)))
 				continue;
 
 			SigBit root = it.first;
@@ -390,20 +390,20 @@ struct ExtractFaWorker
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$fa");
-					cell->setParam("\\WIDTH", 1);
+					Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($fa));
+					cell->setParam(ID(WIDTH), 1);
 
 					log("      Created $fa cell %s.\n", log_id(cell));
 
-					cell->setPort("\\A", f3i.inv_a ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, A) : A);
-					cell->setPort("\\B", f3i.inv_b ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, B) : B);
-					cell->setPort("\\C", f3i.inv_c ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, C) : C);
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, f3i.inv_a ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, A) : A);
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, f3i.inv_b ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, B) : B);
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), f3i.inv_c ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, C) : C);
 
 					X = module->addWire(NEW_ID);
 					Y = module->addWire(NEW_ID);
 
-					cell->setPort("\\X", X);
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", Y);
+					cell->setPort(ID(X), X);
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, Y);
 
 					facache[fakey] = make_tuple(X, Y, cell);
 				}
@@ -496,30 +496,30 @@ struct ExtractFaWorker
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$fa");
-					cell->setParam("\\WIDTH", 1);
+					Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($fa));
+					cell->setParam(ID(WIDTH), 1);
 
 					log("      Created $fa cell %s.\n", log_id(cell));
 
-					cell->setPort("\\A", f2i.inv_a ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, A) : A);
-					cell->setPort("\\B", f2i.inv_b ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, B) : B);
-					cell->setPort("\\C", State::S0);
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, f2i.inv_a ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, A) : A);
+					cell->setPort(ID::B, f2i.inv_b ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, B) : B);
+					cell->setPort(ID(C), State::S0);
 
 					X = module->addWire(NEW_ID);
 					Y = module->addWire(NEW_ID);
 
-					cell->setPort("\\X", X);
-					cell->setPort("\\Y", Y);
+					cell->setPort(ID(X), X);
+					cell->setPort(ID::Y, Y);
 				}
 
 				if (func2.at(key).count(xor2_func)) {
-					SigBit YY = invert_xy ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, Y) : Y;
+					SigBit YY = invert_xy || (f2i.inv_a && !f2i.inv_b) || (!f2i.inv_a && f2i.inv_b) ? module->NotGate(NEW_ID, Y) : Y;
 					for (auto bit : func2.at(key).at(xor2_func))
 						assign_new_driver(bit, YY);
 				}
 
 				if (func2.at(key).count(xnor2_func)) {
-					SigBit YY = invert_xy ? Y : module->NotGate(NEW_ID, Y);
+					SigBit YY = invert_xy || (f2i.inv_a && !f2i.inv_b) || (!f2i.inv_a && f2i.inv_b) ? Y : module->NotGate(NEW_ID, Y);
 					for (auto bit : func2.at(key).at(xnor2_func))
 						assign_new_driver(bit, YY);
 				}
diff --git a/passes/techmap/extract_reduce.cc b/passes/techmap/extract_reduce.cc
index a77bbc0b7..11cfddcd9 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/extract_reduce.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/extract_reduce.cc
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ struct ExtractReducePass : public Pass
 
 	inline bool IsRightType(Cell* cell, GateType gt)
 	{
-		return (cell->type == "$_AND_" && gt == GateType::And) ||
-				(cell->type == "$_OR_" && gt == GateType::Or) ||
-				(cell->type == "$_XOR_" && gt == GateType::Xor);
+		return (cell->type == ID($_AND_) && gt == GateType::And) ||
+				(cell->type == ID($_OR_) && gt == GateType::Or) ||
+				(cell->type == ID($_XOR_) && gt == GateType::Xor);
 	}
 
 	void execute(std::vector<std::string> args, RTLIL::Design *design) YS_OVERRIDE
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ struct ExtractReducePass : public Pass
 
 				GateType gt;
 
-				if (cell->type == "$_AND_")
+				if (cell->type == ID($_AND_))
 					gt = GateType::And;
-				else if (cell->type == "$_OR_")
+				else if (cell->type == ID($_OR_))
 					gt = GateType::Or;
-				else if (cell->type == "$_XOR_")
+				else if (cell->type == ID($_XOR_))
 					gt = GateType::Xor;
 				else
 					continue;
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ struct ExtractReducePass : public Pass
 
 						head_cell = x;
 
-						auto y = sigmap(x->getPort("\\Y"));
+						auto y = sigmap(x->getPort(ID::Y));
 						log_assert(y.size() == 1);
 
 						// Should only continue if there is one fanout back into a cell (not to a port)
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ struct ExtractReducePass : public Pass
 				{
 					//BFS, following all chains until they hit a cell of a different type
 					//Pick the longest one
-					auto y = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+					auto y = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 					pool<Cell*> current_loads = sig_to_sink[y];
 					pool<Cell*> next_loads;
 
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ struct ExtractReducePass : public Pass
 
 						cur_supercell.insert(x);
 
-						auto a = sigmap(x->getPort("\\A"));
+						auto a = sigmap(x->getPort(ID::A));
 						log_assert(a.size() == 1);
 
 						// Must have only one sink unless we're going off chain
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ struct ExtractReducePass : public Pass
 							}
 						}
 
-						auto b = sigmap(x->getPort("\\B"));
+						auto b = sigmap(x->getPort(ID::B));
 						log_assert(b.size() == 1);
 
 						// Must have only one sink
@@ -279,26 +279,26 @@ struct ExtractReducePass : public Pass
 						pool<SigBit> input_pool_intermed;
 						for (auto x : cur_supercell)
 						{
-							input_pool.insert(sigmap(x->getPort("\\A"))[0]);
-							input_pool.insert(sigmap(x->getPort("\\B"))[0]);
-							input_pool_intermed.insert(sigmap(x->getPort("\\Y"))[0]);
+							input_pool.insert(sigmap(x->getPort(ID::A))[0]);
+							input_pool.insert(sigmap(x->getPort(ID::B))[0]);
+							input_pool_intermed.insert(sigmap(x->getPort(ID::Y))[0]);
 						}
 						SigSpec input;
 						for (auto b : input_pool)
 							if (input_pool_intermed.count(b) == 0)
 								input.append_bit(b);
 
-						SigBit output = sigmap(head_cell->getPort("\\Y")[0]);
+						SigBit output = sigmap(head_cell->getPort(ID::Y)[0]);
 
 						auto new_reduce_cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID,
-							gt == GateType::And ? "$reduce_and" :
-							gt == GateType::Or ? "$reduce_or" :
-							gt == GateType::Xor ? "$reduce_xor" : "");
-						new_reduce_cell->setParam("\\A_SIGNED", 0);
-						new_reduce_cell->setParam("\\A_WIDTH", input.size());
-						new_reduce_cell->setParam("\\Y_WIDTH", 1);
-						new_reduce_cell->setPort("\\A", input);
-						new_reduce_cell->setPort("\\Y", output);
+							gt == GateType::And ? ID($reduce_and) :
+							gt == GateType::Or ? ID($reduce_or) :
+							gt == GateType::Xor ? ID($reduce_xor) : "");
+						new_reduce_cell->setParam(ID(A_SIGNED), 0);
+						new_reduce_cell->setParam(ID(A_WIDTH), input.size());
+						new_reduce_cell->setParam(ID(Y_WIDTH), 1);
+						new_reduce_cell->setPort(ID::A, input);
+						new_reduce_cell->setPort(ID::Y, output);
 
 						if(allow_off_chain)
 							consumed_cells.insert(head_cell);
diff --git a/passes/techmap/flowmap.cc b/passes/techmap/flowmap.cc
index 96d0df5f8..5807178dd 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/flowmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/flowmap.cc
@@ -671,8 +671,8 @@ struct FlowmapWorker
 			labels[node] = -1;
 		for (auto input : inputs)
 		{
-			if (input.wire->attributes.count("\\$flowmap_level"))
-				labels[input] = input.wire->attributes["\\$flowmap_level"].as_int();
+			if (input.wire->attributes.count(ID($flowmap_level)))
+				labels[input] = input.wire->attributes[ID($flowmap_level)].as_int();
 			else
 				labels[input] = 0;
 		}
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@ struct FlowmapWorker
 			for (auto gate_node : lut_gates[node])
 			{
 				auto gate_origin = node_origins[gate_node];
-				lut->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", gate_origin.cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
+				lut->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), gate_origin.cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
 				packed_count++;
 			}
 			lut_count++;
@@ -1586,7 +1586,7 @@ struct FlowmapPass : public Pass {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			cell_types = {"$_NOT_", "$_AND_", "$_OR_", "$_XOR_", "$_MUX_"};
+			cell_types = {ID($_NOT_), ID($_AND_), ID($_OR_), ID($_XOR_), ID($_MUX_)};
 		}
 
 		const char *algo_r = relax ? "-r" : "";
diff --git a/passes/techmap/iopadmap.cc b/passes/techmap/iopadmap.cc
index efcc082d5..a2551316f 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/iopadmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/iopadmap.cc
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ struct IopadmapPass : public Pass {
 				SigMap rewrites;
 
 				for (auto cell : module->cells())
-					if (cell->type == "$_TBUF_") {
-						SigBit bit = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y").as_bit());
+					if (cell->type == ID($_TBUF_)) {
+						SigBit bit = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y).as_bit());
 						tbuf_bits[bit].first = cell->name;
 					}
 
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ struct IopadmapPass : public Pass {
 						if (tbuf_cell == nullptr)
 							continue;
 
-						SigBit en_sig = tbuf_cell->getPort("\\E").as_bit();
-						SigBit data_sig = tbuf_cell->getPort("\\A").as_bit();
+						SigBit en_sig = tbuf_cell->getPort(ID(E)).as_bit();
+						SigBit data_sig = tbuf_cell->getPort(ID::A).as_bit();
 
 						if (wire->port_input && !tinoutpad_celltype.empty())
 						{
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ struct IopadmapPass : public Pass {
 							cell->setPort(RTLIL::escape_id(tinoutpad_portname2), owire);
 							cell->setPort(RTLIL::escape_id(tinoutpad_portname3), data_sig);
 							cell->setPort(RTLIL::escape_id(tinoutpad_portname4), wire_bit);
-							cell->attributes["\\keep"] = RTLIL::Const(1);
+							cell->attributes[ID::keep] = RTLIL::Const(1);
 
 							for (auto cn : tbuf_cache.second) {
 								auto c = module->cell(cn);
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ struct IopadmapPass : public Pass {
 							cell->setPort(RTLIL::escape_id(toutpad_portname), en_sig);
 							cell->setPort(RTLIL::escape_id(toutpad_portname2), data_sig);
 							cell->setPort(RTLIL::escape_id(toutpad_portname3), wire_bit);
-							cell->attributes["\\keep"] = RTLIL::Const(1);
+							cell->attributes[ID::keep] = RTLIL::Const(1);
 
 							for (auto cn : tbuf_cache.second) {
 								auto c = module->cell(cn);
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ struct IopadmapPass : public Pass {
 							cell->parameters[RTLIL::escape_id(widthparam)] = RTLIL::Const(1);
 						if (!nameparam.empty())
 							cell->parameters[RTLIL::escape_id(nameparam)] = RTLIL::Const(stringf("%s[%d]", RTLIL::id2cstr(wire->name), i));
-						cell->attributes["\\keep"] = RTLIL::Const(1);
+						cell->attributes[ID::keep] = RTLIL::Const(1);
 					}
 				}
 				else
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ struct IopadmapPass : public Pass {
 						cell->parameters[RTLIL::escape_id(widthparam)] = RTLIL::Const(wire->width);
 					if (!nameparam.empty())
 						cell->parameters[RTLIL::escape_id(nameparam)] = RTLIL::Const(RTLIL::id2cstr(wire->name));
-					cell->attributes["\\keep"] = RTLIL::Const(1);
+					cell->attributes[ID::keep] = RTLIL::Const(1);
 				}
 
 				wire->port_id = 0;
diff --git a/passes/techmap/lut2mux.cc b/passes/techmap/lut2mux.cc
index a4ed79550..c6618fc9d 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/lut2mux.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/lut2mux.cc
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 int lut2mux(Cell *cell)
 {
-	SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
-	Const lut = cell->getParam("\\LUT");
+	SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
+	Const lut = cell->getParam(ID(LUT));
 	int count = 1;
 
 	if (GetSize(sig_a) == 1)
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ struct Lut2muxPass : public Pass {
 
 		for (auto module : design->selected_modules())
 		for (auto cell : module->selected_cells()) {
-			if (cell->type == "$lut") {
+			if (cell->type == ID($lut)) {
 				IdString cell_name = cell->name;
 				int count = lut2mux(cell);
 				log("Converted %s.%s to %d MUX cells.\n", log_id(module), log_id(cell_name), count);
diff --git a/passes/techmap/maccmap.cc b/passes/techmap/maccmap.cc
index 59e58e4db..09f61927c 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/maccmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/maccmap.cc
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ struct MaccmapWorker
 			RTLIL::Wire *w1 = module->addWire(NEW_ID, width);
 			RTLIL::Wire *w2 = module->addWire(NEW_ID, width);
 
-			RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$fa");
-			cell->setParam("\\WIDTH", width);
-			cell->setPort("\\A", in1);
-			cell->setPort("\\B", in2);
-			cell->setPort("\\C", in3);
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", w1);
-			cell->setPort("\\X", w2);
+			RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($fa));
+			cell->setParam(ID(WIDTH), width);
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, in1);
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, in2);
+			cell->setPort(ID(C), in3);
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, w1);
+			cell->setPort(ID(X), w2);
 
 			out1 = {out_zeros_msb, w1, out_zeros_lsb};
 			out2 = {out_zeros_msb, w2, out_zeros_lsb};
@@ -237,23 +237,23 @@ struct MaccmapWorker
 		}
 
 
-		RTLIL::Cell *c = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$alu");
-		c->setPort("\\A", summands.front());
-		c->setPort("\\B", summands.back());
-		c->setPort("\\CI", State::S0);
-		c->setPort("\\BI", State::S0);
-		c->setPort("\\Y", module->addWire(NEW_ID, width));
-		c->setPort("\\X", module->addWire(NEW_ID, width));
-		c->setPort("\\CO", module->addWire(NEW_ID, width));
+		RTLIL::Cell *c = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($alu));
+		c->setPort(ID::A, summands.front());
+		c->setPort(ID::B, summands.back());
+		c->setPort(ID(CI), State::S0);
+		c->setPort(ID(BI), State::S0);
+		c->setPort(ID::Y, module->addWire(NEW_ID, width));
+		c->setPort(ID(X), module->addWire(NEW_ID, width));
+		c->setPort(ID(CO), module->addWire(NEW_ID, width));
 		c->fixup_parameters();
 
 		if (!tree_sum_bits.empty()) {
-			c->setPort("\\CI", tree_sum_bits.back());
+			c->setPort(ID(CI), tree_sum_bits.back());
 			tree_sum_bits.pop_back();
 		}
 		log_assert(tree_sum_bits.empty());
 
-		return c->getPort("\\Y");
+		return c->getPort(ID::Y);
 	}
 };
 
@@ -264,17 +264,17 @@ extern void maccmap(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool unmap = false
 
 void maccmap(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool unmap)
 {
-	int width = GetSize(cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+	int width = GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 	Macc macc;
 	macc.from_cell(cell);
 
 	RTLIL::SigSpec all_input_bits;
-	all_input_bits.append(cell->getPort("\\A"));
-	all_input_bits.append(cell->getPort("\\B"));
+	all_input_bits.append(cell->getPort(ID::A));
+	all_input_bits.append(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 
 	if (all_input_bits.to_sigbit_set().count(RTLIL::Sx)) {
-		module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::Sx, width));
+		module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), RTLIL::SigSpec(RTLIL::Sx, width));
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -339,9 +339,9 @@ void maccmap(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool unmap)
 		}
 
 		if (summands.front().second)
-			module->addNeg(NEW_ID, summands.front().first, cell->getPort("\\Y"));
+			module->addNeg(NEW_ID, summands.front().first, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 		else
-			module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), summands.front().first);
+			module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), summands.front().first);
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ void maccmap(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell, bool unmap)
 		for (auto &bit : macc.bit_ports)
 			worker.add(bit, 0);
 
-		module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), worker.synth());
+		module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), worker.synth());
 	}
 }
 
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ struct MaccmapPass : public Pass {
 
 		for (auto mod : design->selected_modules())
 		for (auto cell : mod->selected_cells())
-			if (cell->type == "$macc") {
+			if (cell->type == ID($macc)) {
 				log("Mapping %s.%s (%s).\n", log_id(mod), log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type));
 				maccmap(mod, cell, unmap_mode);
 				mod->remove(cell);
diff --git a/passes/techmap/muxcover.cc b/passes/techmap/muxcover.cc
index 81546249c..5541b6122 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/muxcover.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/muxcover.cc
@@ -116,13 +116,13 @@ struct MuxcoverWorker
 				if (!cell->input(conn.first))
 					continue;
 				for (auto bit : sigmap(conn.second)) {
-					if (used_once.count(bit) || cell->type != "$_MUX_" || conn.first == "\\S")
+					if (used_once.count(bit) || cell->type != ID($_MUX_) || conn.first == ID(S))
 						roots.insert(bit);
 					used_once.insert(bit);
 				}
 			}
-			if (cell->type == "$_MUX_")
-				sig_to_mux[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"))] = cell;
+			if (cell->type == ID($_MUX_))
+				sig_to_mux[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y))] = cell;
 		}
 
 		log("  Treeifying %d MUXes:\n", GetSize(sig_to_mux));
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ struct MuxcoverWorker
 				if (sig_to_mux.count(bit) && (bit == rootsig || !roots.count(bit))) {
 					Cell *c = sig_to_mux.at(bit);
 					tree.muxes[bit] = c;
-					wavefront.insert(sigmap(c->getPort("\\A")));
-					wavefront.insert(sigmap(c->getPort("\\B")));
+					wavefront.insert(sigmap(c->getPort(ID::A)));
+					wavefront.insert(sigmap(c->getPort(ID::B)));
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -516,69 +516,69 @@ struct MuxcoverWorker
 
 		if (GetSize(mux.inputs) == 2) {
 			count_muxes_by_type[0]++;
-			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_MUX_");
-			cell->setPort("\\A", mux.inputs[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\B", mux.inputs[1]);
-			cell->setPort("\\S", mux.selects[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", bit);
+			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_MUX_));
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, mux.inputs[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, mux.inputs[1]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(S), mux.selects[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, bit);
 			return;
 		}
 
 		if (GetSize(mux.inputs) == 4) {
 			count_muxes_by_type[1]++;
-			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_MUX4_");
-			cell->setPort("\\A", mux.inputs[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\B", mux.inputs[1]);
-			cell->setPort("\\C", mux.inputs[2]);
-			cell->setPort("\\D", mux.inputs[3]);
-			cell->setPort("\\S", mux.selects[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\T", mux.selects[1]);
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", bit);
+			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_MUX4_));
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, mux.inputs[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, mux.inputs[1]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(C), mux.inputs[2]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(D), mux.inputs[3]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(S), mux.selects[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(T), mux.selects[1]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, bit);
 			return;
 		}
 
 		if (GetSize(mux.inputs) == 8) {
 			count_muxes_by_type[2]++;
-			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_MUX8_");
-			cell->setPort("\\A", mux.inputs[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\B", mux.inputs[1]);
-			cell->setPort("\\C", mux.inputs[2]);
-			cell->setPort("\\D", mux.inputs[3]);
-			cell->setPort("\\E", mux.inputs[4]);
-			cell->setPort("\\F", mux.inputs[5]);
-			cell->setPort("\\G", mux.inputs[6]);
-			cell->setPort("\\H", mux.inputs[7]);
-			cell->setPort("\\S", mux.selects[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\T", mux.selects[1]);
-			cell->setPort("\\U", mux.selects[2]);
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", bit);
+			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_MUX8_));
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, mux.inputs[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, mux.inputs[1]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(C), mux.inputs[2]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(D), mux.inputs[3]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(E), mux.inputs[4]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(F), mux.inputs[5]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(G), mux.inputs[6]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(H), mux.inputs[7]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(S), mux.selects[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(T), mux.selects[1]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(U), mux.selects[2]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, bit);
 			return;
 		}
 
 		if (GetSize(mux.inputs) == 16) {
 			count_muxes_by_type[3]++;
-			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_MUX16_");
-			cell->setPort("\\A", mux.inputs[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\B", mux.inputs[1]);
-			cell->setPort("\\C", mux.inputs[2]);
-			cell->setPort("\\D", mux.inputs[3]);
-			cell->setPort("\\E", mux.inputs[4]);
-			cell->setPort("\\F", mux.inputs[5]);
-			cell->setPort("\\G", mux.inputs[6]);
-			cell->setPort("\\H", mux.inputs[7]);
-			cell->setPort("\\I", mux.inputs[8]);
-			cell->setPort("\\J", mux.inputs[9]);
-			cell->setPort("\\K", mux.inputs[10]);
-			cell->setPort("\\L", mux.inputs[11]);
-			cell->setPort("\\M", mux.inputs[12]);
-			cell->setPort("\\N", mux.inputs[13]);
-			cell->setPort("\\O", mux.inputs[14]);
-			cell->setPort("\\P", mux.inputs[15]);
-			cell->setPort("\\S", mux.selects[0]);
-			cell->setPort("\\T", mux.selects[1]);
-			cell->setPort("\\U", mux.selects[2]);
-			cell->setPort("\\V", mux.selects[3]);
-			cell->setPort("\\Y", bit);
+			Cell *cell = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_MUX16_));
+			cell->setPort(ID::A, mux.inputs[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::B, mux.inputs[1]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(C), mux.inputs[2]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(D), mux.inputs[3]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(E), mux.inputs[4]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(F), mux.inputs[5]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(G), mux.inputs[6]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(H), mux.inputs[7]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(I), mux.inputs[8]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(J), mux.inputs[9]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(K), mux.inputs[10]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(L), mux.inputs[11]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(M), mux.inputs[12]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(N), mux.inputs[13]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(O), mux.inputs[14]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(P), mux.inputs[15]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(S), mux.selects[0]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(T), mux.selects[1]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(U), mux.selects[2]);
+			cell->setPort(ID(V), mux.selects[3]);
+			cell->setPort(ID::Y, bit);
 			return;
 		}
 
diff --git a/passes/techmap/nlutmap.cc b/passes/techmap/nlutmap.cc
index cc765d89c..798d82248 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/nlutmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/nlutmap.cc
@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ struct NlutmapWorker
 
 			for (auto cell : module->cells())
 			{
-				if (cell->type != "$lut" || mapped_cells.count(cell))
+				if (cell->type != ID($lut) || mapped_cells.count(cell))
 					continue;
 
-				if (GetSize(cell->getPort("\\A")) == lut_size || lut_size == 2)
+				if (GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A)) == lut_size || lut_size == 2)
 					candidate_ratings[cell] = 0;
 
 				for (auto &conn : cell->connections())
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ struct NlutmapWorker
 
 		if (config.assert_mode) {
 			for (auto cell : module->cells())
-				if (cell->type == "$lut" && !mapped_cells.count(cell))
+				if (cell->type == ID($lut) && !mapped_cells.count(cell))
 					log_error("Insufficient number of LUTs to map all logic cells!\n");
 		}
 
diff --git a/passes/techmap/pmuxtree.cc b/passes/techmap/pmuxtree.cc
index 6a923f481..31ab13cec 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/pmuxtree.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/pmuxtree.cc
@@ -89,21 +89,21 @@ struct PmuxtreePass : public Pass {
 		for (auto module : design->selected_modules())
 		for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 		{
-			if (cell->type != "$pmux")
+			if (cell->type != ID($pmux))
 				continue;
 
-			SigSpec sig_data = cell->getPort("\\B");
-			SigSpec sig_sel = cell->getPort("\\S");
+			SigSpec sig_data = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+			SigSpec sig_sel = cell->getPort(ID(S));
 
-			if (!cell->getPort("\\A").is_fully_undef()) {
-				sig_data.append(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+			if (!cell->getPort(ID::A).is_fully_undef()) {
+				sig_data.append(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				SigSpec sig_sel_or = module->ReduceOr(NEW_ID, sig_sel);
 				sig_sel.append(module->Not(NEW_ID, sig_sel_or));
 			}
 
 			SigSpec result, result_or;
 			result = recursive_mux_generator(module, sig_data, sig_sel, result_or);
-			module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), result);
+			module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), result);
 			module->remove(cell);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/passes/techmap/shregmap.cc b/passes/techmap/shregmap.cc
index 004ab1eb9..5e298d8dd 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/shregmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/shregmap.cc
@@ -73,22 +73,22 @@ struct ShregmapTechGreenpak4 : ShregmapTech
 
 	bool fixup(Cell *cell, dict<int, SigBit> &taps)
 	{
-		auto D = cell->getPort("\\D");
-		auto C = cell->getPort("\\C");
+		auto D = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+		auto C = cell->getPort(ID(C));
 
-		auto newcell = cell->module->addCell(NEW_ID, "\\GP_SHREG");
-		newcell->setPort("\\nRST", State::S1);
-		newcell->setPort("\\CLK", C);
-		newcell->setPort("\\IN", D);
+		auto newcell = cell->module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID(GP_SHREG));
+		newcell->setPort(ID(nRST), State::S1);
+		newcell->setPort(ID(CLK), C);
+		newcell->setPort(ID(IN), D);
 
 		int i = 0;
 		for (auto tap : taps) {
-			newcell->setPort(i ? "\\OUTB" : "\\OUTA", tap.second);
-			newcell->setParam(i ? "\\OUTB_TAP" : "\\OUTA_TAP", tap.first + 1);
+			newcell->setPort(i ? ID(OUTB) : ID(OUTA), tap.second);
+			newcell->setParam(i ? ID(OUTB_TAP) : ID(OUTA_TAP), tap.first + 1);
 			i++;
 		}
 
-		cell->setParam("\\OUTA_INVERT", 0);
+		cell->setParam(ID(OUTA_INVERT), 0);
 		return false;
 	}
 };
@@ -104,19 +104,19 @@ struct ShregmapTechXilinx7 : ShregmapTech
 	{
 		for (const auto &i : module->cells_) {
 			auto cell = i.second;
-			if (cell->type == "$shiftx") {
-				if (cell->getParam("\\Y_WIDTH") != 1) continue;
+			if (cell->type == ID($shiftx)) {
+				if (cell->getParam(ID(Y_WIDTH)) != 1) continue;
 				int j = 0;
-				for (auto bit : sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A")))
+				for (auto bit : sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A)))
 					sigbit_to_shiftx_offset[bit] = std::make_tuple(cell, j++, 0);
-				log_assert(j == cell->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int());
+				log_assert(j == cell->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int());
 			}
-			else if (cell->type == "$mux") {
+			else if (cell->type == ID($mux)) {
 				int j = 0;
-				for (auto bit : sigmap(cell->getPort("\\A")))
+				for (auto bit : sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::A)))
 					sigbit_to_shiftx_offset[bit] = std::make_tuple(cell, 0, j++);
 				j = 0;
-				for (auto bit : sigmap(cell->getPort("\\B")))
+				for (auto bit : sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::B)))
 					sigbit_to_shiftx_offset[bit] = std::make_tuple(cell, 1, j++);
 			}
 		}
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ struct ShregmapTechXilinx7 : ShregmapTech
 		if (it == sigbit_to_shiftx_offset.end())
 			return;
 		if (cell) {
-			if (cell->type == "$shiftx" && port == "\\A")
+			if (cell->type == ID($shiftx) && port == ID::A)
 				return;
-			if (cell->type == "$mux" && (port == "\\A" || port == "\\B"))
+			if (cell->type == ID($mux) && port.in(ID::A, ID::B))
 				return;
 		}
 		sigbit_to_shiftx_offset.erase(it);
@@ -177,21 +177,21 @@ struct ShregmapTechXilinx7 : ShregmapTech
 		log_assert(shiftx);
 
 		// Only map if $shiftx exclusively covers the shift register
-		if (shiftx->type == "$shiftx") {
-			if (GetSize(taps) > shiftx->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int())
+		if (shiftx->type == ID($shiftx)) {
+			if (GetSize(taps) > shiftx->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int())
 				return false;
 			// Due to padding the most significant bits of A may be 1'bx,
 			//   and if so, discount them
-			if (GetSize(taps) < shiftx->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int()) {
-				const SigSpec A = shiftx->getPort("\\A");
-				const int A_width = shiftx->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int();
+			if (GetSize(taps) < shiftx->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int()) {
+				const SigSpec A = shiftx->getPort(ID::A);
+				const int A_width = shiftx->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int();
 				for (int i = GetSize(taps); i < A_width; ++i)
 					if (A[i] != RTLIL::Sx) return false;
 			}
-			else if (GetSize(taps) != shiftx->getParam("\\A_WIDTH").as_int())
+			else if (GetSize(taps) != shiftx->getParam(ID(A_WIDTH)).as_int())
 				return false;
 		}
-		else if (shiftx->type == "$mux") {
+		else if (shiftx->type == ID($mux)) {
 			if (GetSize(taps) != 2)
 				return false;
 		}
@@ -208,34 +208,34 @@ struct ShregmapTechXilinx7 : ShregmapTech
 		auto it = sigbit_to_shiftx_offset.find(bit);
 		log_assert(it != sigbit_to_shiftx_offset.end());
 
-		auto newcell = cell->module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$__XILINX_SHREG_");
+		auto newcell = cell->module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($__XILINX_SHREG_));
 		newcell->set_src_attribute(cell->get_src_attribute());
-		newcell->setParam("\\DEPTH", cell->getParam("\\DEPTH"));
-		newcell->setParam("\\INIT", cell->getParam("\\INIT"));
-		newcell->setParam("\\CLKPOL", cell->getParam("\\CLKPOL"));
-		newcell->setParam("\\ENPOL", cell->getParam("\\ENPOL"));
+		newcell->setParam(ID(DEPTH), cell->getParam(ID(DEPTH)));
+		newcell->setParam(ID(INIT), cell->getParam(ID(INIT)));
+		newcell->setParam(ID(CLKPOL), cell->getParam(ID(CLKPOL)));
+		newcell->setParam(ID(ENPOL), cell->getParam(ID(ENPOL)));
 
-		newcell->setPort("\\C", cell->getPort("\\C"));
-		newcell->setPort("\\D", cell->getPort("\\D"));
-		if (cell->hasPort("\\E"))
-			newcell->setPort("\\E", cell->getPort("\\E"));
+		newcell->setPort(ID(C), cell->getPort(ID(C)));
+		newcell->setPort(ID(D), cell->getPort(ID(D)));
+		if (cell->hasPort(ID(E)))
+			newcell->setPort(ID(E), cell->getPort(ID(E)));
 
 		Cell* shiftx = std::get<0>(it->second);
 		RTLIL::SigSpec l_wire, q_wire;
-		if (shiftx->type == "$shiftx") {
-			l_wire = shiftx->getPort("\\B");
-			q_wire = shiftx->getPort("\\Y");
-			shiftx->setPort("\\Y", cell->module->addWire(NEW_ID));
+		if (shiftx->type == ID($shiftx)) {
+			l_wire = shiftx->getPort(ID::B);
+			q_wire = shiftx->getPort(ID::Y);
+			shiftx->setPort(ID::Y, cell->module->addWire(NEW_ID));
 		}
-		else if (shiftx->type == "$mux") {
-			l_wire = shiftx->getPort("\\S");
-			q_wire = shiftx->getPort("\\Y");
-			shiftx->setPort("\\Y", cell->module->addWire(NEW_ID));
+		else if (shiftx->type == ID($mux)) {
+			l_wire = shiftx->getPort(ID(S));
+			q_wire = shiftx->getPort(ID::Y);
+			shiftx->setPort(ID::Y, cell->module->addWire(NEW_ID));
 		}
 		else log_abort();
 
-		newcell->setPort("\\Q", q_wire);
-		newcell->setPort("\\L", l_wire);
+		newcell->setPort(ID(Q), q_wire);
+		newcell->setPort(ID(L), l_wire);
 
 		return false;
 	}
@@ -263,16 +263,16 @@ struct ShregmapWorker
 	{
 		for (auto wire : module->wires())
 		{
-			if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute("\\keep")) {
+			if (wire->port_output || wire->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep)) {
 				for (auto bit : sigmap(wire)) {
 					sigbit_with_non_chain_users.insert(bit);
 					if (opts.tech) opts.tech->non_chain_user(bit, nullptr, {});
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (wire->attributes.count("\\init")) {
+			if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init))) {
 				SigSpec initsig = sigmap(wire);
-				Const initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+				Const initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initsig) && i < GetSize(initval); i++)
 					if (initval[i] == State::S0 && !opts.zinit)
 						sigbit_init[initsig[i]] = false;
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ struct ShregmapWorker
 
 		for (auto cell : module->cells())
 		{
-			if (opts.ffcells.count(cell->type) && !cell->get_bool_attribute("\\keep"))
+			if (opts.ffcells.count(cell->type) && !cell->get_bool_attribute(ID::keep))
 			{
 				IdString d_port = opts.ffcells.at(cell->type).first;
 				IdString q_port = opts.ffcells.at(cell->type).second;
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ struct ShregmapWorker
 						initval.push_back(State::S0);
 					remove_init.insert(bit);
 				}
-				first_cell->setParam("\\INIT", initval);
+				first_cell->setParam(ID(INIT), initval);
 			}
 
 			if (opts.zinit)
@@ -488,22 +488,22 @@ struct ShregmapWorker
 				int param_clkpol = -1;
 				int param_enpol = 2;
 
-				if (first_cell->type == "$_DFF_N_") param_clkpol = 0;
-				if (first_cell->type == "$_DFF_P_") param_clkpol = 1;
+				if (first_cell->type == ID($_DFF_N_)) param_clkpol = 0;
+				if (first_cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_)) param_clkpol = 1;
 
-				if (first_cell->type == "$_DFFE_NN_") param_clkpol = 0, param_enpol = 0;
-				if (first_cell->type == "$_DFFE_NP_") param_clkpol = 0, param_enpol = 1;
-				if (first_cell->type == "$_DFFE_PN_") param_clkpol = 1, param_enpol = 0;
-				if (first_cell->type == "$_DFFE_PP_") param_clkpol = 1, param_enpol = 1;
+				if (first_cell->type == ID($_DFFE_NN_)) param_clkpol = 0, param_enpol = 0;
+				if (first_cell->type == ID($_DFFE_NP_)) param_clkpol = 0, param_enpol = 1;
+				if (first_cell->type == ID($_DFFE_PN_)) param_clkpol = 1, param_enpol = 0;
+				if (first_cell->type == ID($_DFFE_PP_)) param_clkpol = 1, param_enpol = 1;
 
 				log_assert(param_clkpol >= 0);
-				first_cell->setParam("\\CLKPOL", param_clkpol);
-				if (opts.ffe) first_cell->setParam("\\ENPOL", param_enpol);
+				first_cell->setParam(ID(CLKPOL), param_clkpol);
+				if (opts.ffe) first_cell->setParam(ID(ENPOL), param_enpol);
 			}
 
 			first_cell->type = shreg_cell_type_str;
 			first_cell->setPort(q_port, last_cell->getPort(q_port));
-			first_cell->setParam("\\DEPTH", depth);
+			first_cell->setParam(ID(DEPTH), depth);
 
 			if (opts.tech != nullptr && !opts.tech->fixup(first_cell, taps_dict))
 				remove_cells.insert(first_cell);
@@ -521,18 +521,18 @@ struct ShregmapWorker
 
 		for (auto wire : module->wires())
 		{
-			if (wire->attributes.count("\\init") == 0)
+			if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init)) == 0)
 				continue;
 
 			SigSpec initsig = sigmap(wire);
-			Const &initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
+			Const &initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
 
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initsig) && i < GetSize(initval); i++)
 				if (remove_init.count(initsig[i]))
 					initval[i] = State::Sx;
 
 			if (SigSpec(initval).is_fully_undef())
-				wire->attributes.erase("\\init");
+				wire->attributes.erase(ID(init));
 		}
 
 		remove_cells.clear();
@@ -717,19 +717,19 @@ struct ShregmapPass : public Pass {
 			bool en_neg = enpol == "neg" || enpol == "any" || enpol == "any_or_none";
 
 			if (clk_pos && en_none)
-				opts.ffcells["$_DFF_P_"] = make_pair(IdString("\\D"), IdString("\\Q"));
+				opts.ffcells[ID($_DFF_P_)] = make_pair(IdString(ID(D)), IdString(ID(Q)));
 			if (clk_neg && en_none)
-				opts.ffcells["$_DFF_N_"] = make_pair(IdString("\\D"), IdString("\\Q"));
+				opts.ffcells[ID($_DFF_N_)] = make_pair(IdString(ID(D)), IdString(ID(Q)));
 
 			if (clk_pos && en_pos)
-				opts.ffcells["$_DFFE_PP_"] = make_pair(IdString("\\D"), IdString("\\Q"));
+				opts.ffcells[ID($_DFFE_PP_)] = make_pair(IdString(ID(D)), IdString(ID(Q)));
 			if (clk_pos && en_neg)
-				opts.ffcells["$_DFFE_PN_"] = make_pair(IdString("\\D"), IdString("\\Q"));
+				opts.ffcells[ID($_DFFE_PN_)] = make_pair(IdString(ID(D)), IdString(ID(Q)));
 
 			if (clk_neg && en_pos)
-				opts.ffcells["$_DFFE_NP_"] = make_pair(IdString("\\D"), IdString("\\Q"));
+				opts.ffcells[ID($_DFFE_NP_)] = make_pair(IdString(ID(D)), IdString(ID(Q)));
 			if (clk_neg && en_neg)
-				opts.ffcells["$_DFFE_NN_"] = make_pair(IdString("\\D"), IdString("\\Q"));
+				opts.ffcells[ID($_DFFE_NN_)] = make_pair(IdString(ID(D)), IdString(ID(Q)));
 
 			if (en_pos || en_neg)
 				opts.ffe = true;
diff --git a/passes/techmap/simplemap.cc b/passes/techmap/simplemap.cc
index 2eaba1b09..91574f3c6 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/simplemap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/simplemap.cc
@@ -28,82 +28,82 @@ YOSYS_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 void simplemap_not(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
-	sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool());
+	sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool());
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++) {
-		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_NOT_");
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_y[i]);
+		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_NOT_));
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_pos(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
-	sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool());
+	sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool());
 
 	module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, sig_a));
 }
 
 void simplemap_bitop(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
-	sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool());
-	sig_b.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at("\\B_SIGNED").as_bool());
+	sig_a.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool());
+	sig_b.extend_u0(GetSize(sig_y), cell->parameters.at(ID(B_SIGNED)).as_bool());
 
-	if (cell->type == "$xnor")
+	if (cell->type == ID($xnor))
 	{
 		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_t = module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(sig_y));
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++) {
-			RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_NOT_");
-			gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-			gate->setPort("\\A", sig_t[i]);
-			gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_y[i]);
+			RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_NOT_));
+			gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+			gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_t[i]);
+			gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y[i]);
 		}
 
 		sig_y = sig_t;
 	}
 
-	std::string gate_type;
-	if (cell->type == "$and")  gate_type = "$_AND_";
-	if (cell->type == "$or")   gate_type = "$_OR_";
-	if (cell->type == "$xor")  gate_type = "$_XOR_";
-	if (cell->type == "$xnor") gate_type = "$_XOR_";
+	IdString gate_type;
+	if (cell->type == ID($and))  gate_type = ID($_AND_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($or))   gate_type = ID($_OR_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($xor))  gate_type = ID($_XOR_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($xnor)) gate_type = ID($_XOR_);
 	log_assert(!gate_type.empty());
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\B", sig_b[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_y[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID::B, sig_b[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_reduce(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 	if (sig_y.size() == 0)
 		return;
 
 	if (sig_a.size() == 0) {
-		if (cell->type == "$reduce_and")  module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(1, sig_y.size())));
-		if (cell->type == "$reduce_or")   module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(0, sig_y.size())));
-		if (cell->type == "$reduce_xor")  module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(0, sig_y.size())));
-		if (cell->type == "$reduce_xnor") module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(1, sig_y.size())));
-		if (cell->type == "$reduce_bool") module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(0, sig_y.size())));
+		if (cell->type == ID($reduce_and))  module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(1, sig_y.size())));
+		if (cell->type == ID($reduce_or))   module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(0, sig_y.size())));
+		if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xor))  module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(0, sig_y.size())));
+		if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xnor)) module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(1, sig_y.size())));
+		if (cell->type == ID($reduce_bool)) module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, RTLIL::SigSpec(0, sig_y.size())));
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@ void simplemap_reduce(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 		sig_y = sig_y.extract(0, 1);
 	}
 
-	std::string gate_type;
-	if (cell->type == "$reduce_and")  gate_type = "$_AND_";
-	if (cell->type == "$reduce_or")   gate_type = "$_OR_";
-	if (cell->type == "$reduce_xor")  gate_type = "$_XOR_";
-	if (cell->type == "$reduce_xnor") gate_type = "$_XOR_";
-	if (cell->type == "$reduce_bool") gate_type = "$_OR_";
+	IdString gate_type;
+	if (cell->type == ID($reduce_and))  gate_type = ID($_AND_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($reduce_or))   gate_type = ID($_OR_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xor))  gate_type = ID($_XOR_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xnor)) gate_type = ID($_XOR_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($reduce_bool)) gate_type = ID($_OR_);
 	log_assert(!gate_type.empty());
 
 	RTLIL::Cell *last_output_cell = NULL;
@@ -134,22 +134,22 @@ void simplemap_reduce(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 			}
 
 			RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-			gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-			gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a[i]);
-			gate->setPort("\\B", sig_a[i+1]);
-			gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_t[i/2]);
+			gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+			gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a[i]);
+			gate->setPort(ID::B, sig_a[i+1]);
+			gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_t[i/2]);
 			last_output_cell = gate;
 		}
 
 		sig_a = sig_t;
 	}
 
-	if (cell->type == "$reduce_xnor") {
+	if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xnor)) {
 		RTLIL::SigSpec sig_t = module->addWire(NEW_ID);
-		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_NOT_");
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a);
-		gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_t);
+		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_NOT_));
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a);
+		gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_t);
 		last_output_cell = gate;
 		sig_a = sig_t;
 	}
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ void simplemap_reduce(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 	if (last_output_cell == NULL) {
 		module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, sig_a));
 	} else {
-		last_output_cell->setPort("\\Y", sig_y);
+		last_output_cell->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ static void logic_reduce(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::SigSpec &sig, RTLIL::Cell
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_OR_");
-			gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-			gate->setPort("\\A", sig[i]);
-			gate->setPort("\\B", sig[i+1]);
-			gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_t[i/2]);
+			RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_OR_));
+			gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+			gate->setPort(ID::A, sig[i]);
+			gate->setPort(ID::B, sig[i+1]);
+			gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_t[i/2]);
 		}
 
 		sig = sig_t;
@@ -190,10 +190,10 @@ static void logic_reduce(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::SigSpec &sig, RTLIL::Cell
 
 void simplemap_lognot(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
 	logic_reduce(module, sig_a, cell);
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 	if (sig_y.size() == 0)
 		return;
@@ -203,21 +203,21 @@ void simplemap_lognot(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 		sig_y = sig_y.extract(0, 1);
 	}
 
-	RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_NOT_");
-	gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-	gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a);
-	gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_y);
+	RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_NOT_));
+	gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+	gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a);
+	gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y);
 }
 
 void simplemap_logbin(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
 	logic_reduce(module, sig_a, cell);
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
 	logic_reduce(module, sig_b, cell);
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 	if (sig_y.size() == 0)
 		return;
@@ -227,41 +227,41 @@ void simplemap_logbin(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 		sig_y = sig_y.extract(0, 1);
 	}
 
-	std::string gate_type;
-	if (cell->type == "$logic_and") gate_type = "$_AND_";
-	if (cell->type == "$logic_or")  gate_type = "$_OR_";
+	IdString gate_type;
+	if (cell->type == ID($logic_and)) gate_type = ID($_AND_);
+	if (cell->type == ID($logic_or))  gate_type = ID($_OR_);
 	log_assert(!gate_type.empty());
 
 	RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-	gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-	gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a);
-	gate->setPort("\\B", sig_b);
-	gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_y);
+	gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+	gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a);
+	gate->setPort(ID::B, sig_b);
+	gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y);
 }
 
 void simplemap_eqne(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
-	bool is_signed = cell->parameters.at("\\A_SIGNED").as_bool();
-	bool is_ne = cell->type.in("$ne", "$nex");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
+	bool is_signed = cell->parameters.at(ID(A_SIGNED)).as_bool();
+	bool is_ne = cell->type.in(ID($ne), ID($nex));
 
 	RTLIL::SigSpec xor_out = module->addWire(NEW_ID, max(GetSize(sig_a), GetSize(sig_b)));
 	RTLIL::Cell *xor_cell = module->addXor(NEW_ID, sig_a, sig_b, xor_out, is_signed);
-	xor_cell->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
+	xor_cell->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
 	simplemap_bitop(module, xor_cell);
 	module->remove(xor_cell);
 
 	RTLIL::SigSpec reduce_out = is_ne ? sig_y : module->addWire(NEW_ID);
 	RTLIL::Cell *reduce_cell = module->addReduceOr(NEW_ID, xor_out, reduce_out);
-	reduce_cell->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
+	reduce_cell->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
 	simplemap_reduce(module, reduce_cell);
 	module->remove(reduce_cell);
 
 	if (!is_ne) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *not_cell = module->addLogicNot(NEW_ID, reduce_out, sig_y);
-		not_cell->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
+		not_cell->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
 		simplemap_lognot(module, not_cell);
 		module->remove(not_cell);
 	}
@@ -269,65 +269,65 @@ void simplemap_eqne(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 
 void simplemap_mux(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort("\\B");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_b = cell->getPort(ID::B);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++) {
-		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_MUX_");
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\B", sig_b[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\S", cell->getPort("\\S"));
-		gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_y[i]);
+		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_MUX_));
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID::B, sig_b[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(S), cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+		gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_tribuf(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_e = cell->getPort("\\EN");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_e = cell->getPort(ID(EN));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_y); i++) {
-		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_TBUF_");
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\A", sig_a[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\E", sig_e);
-		gate->setPort("\\Y", sig_y[i]);
+		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_TBUF_));
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID::A, sig_a[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(E), sig_e);
+		gate->setPort(ID::Y, sig_y[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_lut(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	SigSpec lut_ctrl = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	SigSpec lut_data = cell->getParam("\\LUT");
-	lut_data.extend_u0(1 << cell->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int());
+	SigSpec lut_ctrl = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	SigSpec lut_data = cell->getParam(ID(LUT));
+	lut_data.extend_u0(1 << cell->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int());
 
 	for (int idx = 0; GetSize(lut_data) > 1; idx++) {
 		SigSpec sig_s = lut_ctrl[idx];
 		SigSpec new_lut_data = module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(lut_data)/2);
 		for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(lut_data); i += 2) {
-			RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, "$_MUX_");
-			gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-			gate->setPort("\\A", lut_data[i]);
-			gate->setPort("\\B", lut_data[i+1]);
-			gate->setPort("\\S", lut_ctrl[idx]);
-			gate->setPort("\\Y", new_lut_data[i/2]);
+			RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, ID($_MUX_));
+			gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+			gate->setPort(ID::A, lut_data[i]);
+			gate->setPort(ID::B, lut_data[i+1]);
+			gate->setPort(ID(S), lut_ctrl[idx]);
+			gate->setPort(ID::Y, new_lut_data[i/2]);
 		}
 		lut_data = new_lut_data;
 	}
 
-	module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), lut_data);
+	module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), lut_data);
 }
 
 void simplemap_sop(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	SigSpec ctrl = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	SigSpec table = cell->getParam("\\TABLE");
+	SigSpec ctrl = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	SigSpec table = cell->getParam(ID(TABLE));
 
-	int width = cell->getParam("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-	int depth = cell->getParam("\\DEPTH").as_int();
+	int width = cell->getParam(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+	int depth = cell->getParam(ID(DEPTH)).as_int();
 	table.extend_u0(2 * width * depth);
 
 	SigSpec products;
@@ -348,213 +348,213 @@ void simplemap_sop(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 		products.append(GetSize(in) > 0 ? module->Eq(NEW_ID, in, pat) : State::S1);
 	}
 
-	module->connect(cell->getPort("\\Y"), module->ReduceOr(NEW_ID, products));
+	module->connect(cell->getPort(ID::Y), module->ReduceOr(NEW_ID, products));
 }
 
 void simplemap_slice(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int offset = cell->parameters.at("\\OFFSET").as_int();
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	int offset = cell->parameters.at(ID(OFFSET)).as_int();
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_a = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 	module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, sig_a.extract(offset, sig_y.size())));
 }
 
 void simplemap_concat(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_ab = cell->getPort("\\A");
-	sig_ab.append(cell->getPort("\\B"));
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort("\\Y");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_ab = cell->getPort(ID::A);
+	sig_ab.append(cell->getPort(ID::B));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_y = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 	module->connect(RTLIL::SigSig(sig_y, sig_ab));
 }
 
 void simplemap_sr(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int width = cell->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-	char set_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\SET_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
-	char clr_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\CLR_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	int width = cell->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+	char set_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(SET_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	char clr_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(CLR_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort("\\SET");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_r = cell->getPort("\\CLR");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort(ID(SET));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_r = cell->getPort(ID(CLR));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
 	std::string gate_type = stringf("$_SR_%c%c_", set_pol, clr_pol);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\S", sig_s[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\R", sig_r[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Q", sig_q[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID(S), sig_s[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(R), sig_r[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_ff(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int width = cell->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
+	int width = cell->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
-	std::string gate_type = "$_FF_";
+	IdString gate_type = ID($_FF_);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\D", sig_d[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Q", sig_q[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID(D), sig_d[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_dff(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int width = cell->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\CLK_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	int width = cell->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(CLK_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort("\\CLK");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort(ID(CLK));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
-	std::string gate_type = stringf("$_DFF_%c_", clk_pol);
+	IdString gate_type = stringf("$_DFF_%c_", clk_pol);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\C", sig_clk);
-		gate->setPort("\\D", sig_d[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Q", sig_q[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID(C), sig_clk);
+		gate->setPort(ID(D), sig_d[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_dffe(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int width = cell->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\CLK_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
-	char en_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\EN_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	int width = cell->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(CLK_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	char en_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(EN_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort("\\CLK");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_en = cell->getPort("\\EN");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort(ID(CLK));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_en = cell->getPort(ID(EN));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
-	std::string gate_type = stringf("$_DFFE_%c%c_", clk_pol, en_pol);
+	IdString gate_type = stringf("$_DFFE_%c%c_", clk_pol, en_pol);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\C", sig_clk);
-		gate->setPort("\\E", sig_en);
-		gate->setPort("\\D", sig_d[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Q", sig_q[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID(C), sig_clk);
+		gate->setPort(ID(E), sig_en);
+		gate->setPort(ID(D), sig_d[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_dffsr(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int width = cell->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\CLK_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
-	char set_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\SET_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
-	char clr_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\CLR_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	int width = cell->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(CLK_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	char set_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(SET_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	char clr_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(CLR_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort("\\CLK");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort("\\SET");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_r = cell->getPort("\\CLR");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort(ID(CLK));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_s = cell->getPort(ID(SET));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_r = cell->getPort(ID(CLR));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
-	std::string gate_type = stringf("$_DFFSR_%c%c%c_", clk_pol, set_pol, clr_pol);
+	IdString gate_type = stringf("$_DFFSR_%c%c%c_", clk_pol, set_pol, clr_pol);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\C", sig_clk);
-		gate->setPort("\\S", sig_s[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\R", sig_r[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\D", sig_d[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Q", sig_q[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID(C), sig_clk);
+		gate->setPort(ID(S), sig_s[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(R), sig_r[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(D), sig_d[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_adff(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int width = cell->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\CLK_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
-	char rst_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\ARST_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	int width = cell->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+	char clk_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(CLK_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	char rst_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(ARST_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
 
-	std::vector<RTLIL::State> rst_val = cell->parameters.at("\\ARST_VALUE").bits;
+	std::vector<RTLIL::State> rst_val = cell->parameters.at(ID(ARST_VALUE)).bits;
 	while (int(rst_val.size()) < width)
 		rst_val.push_back(RTLIL::State::S0);
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort("\\CLK");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_rst = cell->getPort("\\ARST");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_clk = cell->getPort(ID(CLK));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_rst = cell->getPort(ID(ARST));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
-	std::string gate_type_0 = stringf("$_DFF_%c%c0_", clk_pol, rst_pol);
-	std::string gate_type_1 = stringf("$_DFF_%c%c1_", clk_pol, rst_pol);
+	IdString gate_type_0 = stringf("$_DFF_%c%c0_", clk_pol, rst_pol);
+	IdString gate_type_1 = stringf("$_DFF_%c%c1_", clk_pol, rst_pol);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, rst_val.at(i) == RTLIL::State::S1 ? gate_type_1 : gate_type_0);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\C", sig_clk);
-		gate->setPort("\\R", sig_rst);
-		gate->setPort("\\D", sig_d[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Q", sig_q[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID(C), sig_clk);
+		gate->setPort(ID(R), sig_rst);
+		gate->setPort(ID(D), sig_d[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_dlatch(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	int width = cell->parameters.at("\\WIDTH").as_int();
-	char en_pol = cell->parameters.at("\\EN_POLARITY").as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
+	int width = cell->parameters.at(ID(WIDTH)).as_int();
+	char en_pol = cell->parameters.at(ID(EN_POLARITY)).as_bool() ? 'P' : 'N';
 
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_en = cell->getPort("\\EN");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort("\\D");
-	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort("\\Q");
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_en = cell->getPort(ID(EN));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_d = cell->getPort(ID(D));
+	RTLIL::SigSpec sig_q = cell->getPort(ID(Q));
 
-	std::string gate_type = stringf("$_DLATCH_%c_", en_pol);
+	IdString gate_type = stringf("$_DLATCH_%c_", en_pol);
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
 		RTLIL::Cell *gate = module->addCell(NEW_ID, gate_type);
-		gate->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src"));
-		gate->setPort("\\E", sig_en);
-		gate->setPort("\\D", sig_d[i]);
-		gate->setPort("\\Q", sig_q[i]);
+		gate->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src)));
+		gate->setPort(ID(E), sig_en);
+		gate->setPort(ID(D), sig_d[i]);
+		gate->setPort(ID(Q), sig_q[i]);
 	}
 }
 
 void simplemap_get_mappers(std::map<RTLIL::IdString, void(*)(RTLIL::Module*, RTLIL::Cell*)> &mappers)
 {
-	mappers["$not"]         = simplemap_not;
-	mappers["$pos"]         = simplemap_pos;
-	mappers["$and"]         = simplemap_bitop;
-	mappers["$or"]          = simplemap_bitop;
-	mappers["$xor"]         = simplemap_bitop;
-	mappers["$xnor"]        = simplemap_bitop;
-	mappers["$reduce_and"]  = simplemap_reduce;
-	mappers["$reduce_or"]   = simplemap_reduce;
-	mappers["$reduce_xor"]  = simplemap_reduce;
-	mappers["$reduce_xnor"] = simplemap_reduce;
-	mappers["$reduce_bool"] = simplemap_reduce;
-	mappers["$logic_not"]   = simplemap_lognot;
-	mappers["$logic_and"]   = simplemap_logbin;
-	mappers["$logic_or"]    = simplemap_logbin;
-	mappers["$eq"]          = simplemap_eqne;
-	mappers["$eqx"]         = simplemap_eqne;
-	mappers["$ne"]          = simplemap_eqne;
-	mappers["$nex"]         = simplemap_eqne;
-	mappers["$mux"]         = simplemap_mux;
-	mappers["$tribuf"]      = simplemap_tribuf;
-	mappers["$lut"]         = simplemap_lut;
-	mappers["$sop"]         = simplemap_sop;
-	mappers["$slice"]       = simplemap_slice;
-	mappers["$concat"]      = simplemap_concat;
-	mappers["$sr"]          = simplemap_sr;
-	mappers["$ff"]          = simplemap_ff;
-	mappers["$dff"]         = simplemap_dff;
-	mappers["$dffe"]        = simplemap_dffe;
-	mappers["$dffsr"]       = simplemap_dffsr;
-	mappers["$adff"]        = simplemap_adff;
-	mappers["$dlatch"]      = simplemap_dlatch;
+	mappers[ID($not)]         = simplemap_not;
+	mappers[ID($pos)]         = simplemap_pos;
+	mappers[ID($and)]         = simplemap_bitop;
+	mappers[ID($or)]          = simplemap_bitop;
+	mappers[ID($xor)]         = simplemap_bitop;
+	mappers[ID($xnor)]        = simplemap_bitop;
+	mappers[ID($reduce_and)]  = simplemap_reduce;
+	mappers[ID($reduce_or)]   = simplemap_reduce;
+	mappers[ID($reduce_xor)]  = simplemap_reduce;
+	mappers[ID($reduce_xnor)] = simplemap_reduce;
+	mappers[ID($reduce_bool)] = simplemap_reduce;
+	mappers[ID($logic_not)]   = simplemap_lognot;
+	mappers[ID($logic_and)]   = simplemap_logbin;
+	mappers[ID($logic_or)]    = simplemap_logbin;
+	mappers[ID($eq)]          = simplemap_eqne;
+	mappers[ID($eqx)]         = simplemap_eqne;
+	mappers[ID($ne)]          = simplemap_eqne;
+	mappers[ID($nex)]         = simplemap_eqne;
+	mappers[ID($mux)]         = simplemap_mux;
+	mappers[ID($tribuf)]      = simplemap_tribuf;
+	mappers[ID($lut)]         = simplemap_lut;
+	mappers[ID($sop)]         = simplemap_sop;
+	mappers[ID($slice)]       = simplemap_slice;
+	mappers[ID($concat)]      = simplemap_concat;
+	mappers[ID($sr)]          = simplemap_sr;
+	mappers[ID($ff)]          = simplemap_ff;
+	mappers[ID($dff)]         = simplemap_dff;
+	mappers[ID($dffe)]        = simplemap_dffe;
+	mappers[ID($dffsr)]       = simplemap_dffsr;
+	mappers[ID($adff)]        = simplemap_adff;
+	mappers[ID($dlatch)]      = simplemap_dlatch;
 }
 
 void simplemap(RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::Cell *cell)
diff --git a/passes/techmap/techmap.cc b/passes/techmap/techmap.cc
index 2708b08ae..b271c8781 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/techmap.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/techmap.cc
@@ -39,20 +39,20 @@ YOSYS_NAMESPACE_END
 USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
 PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
-void apply_prefix(std::string prefix, std::string &id)
+void apply_prefix(IdString prefix, IdString &id)
 {
 	if (id[0] == '\\')
-		id = prefix + "." + id.substr(1);
+		id = stringf("%s.%s", prefix.c_str(), id.c_str()+1);
 	else
-		id = "$techmap" + prefix + "." + id;
+		id = stringf("$techmap%s.%s", prefix.c_str(), id.c_str());
 }
 
-void apply_prefix(std::string prefix, RTLIL::SigSpec &sig, RTLIL::Module *module)
+void apply_prefix(IdString prefix, RTLIL::SigSpec &sig, RTLIL::Module *module)
 {
 	vector<SigChunk> chunks = sig;
 	for (auto &chunk : chunks)
 		if (chunk.wire != NULL) {
-			std::string wire_name = chunk.wire->name.str();
+			IdString wire_name = chunk.wire->name;
 			apply_prefix(prefix, wire_name);
 			log_assert(module->wires_.count(wire_name) > 0);
 			chunk.wire = module->wires_[wire_name];
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 				record.wire = it.second;
 				record.value = it.second;
 				result[p].push_back(record);
-				it.second->attributes["\\keep"] = RTLIL::Const(1);
-				it.second->attributes["\\_techmap_special_"] = RTLIL::Const(1);
+				it.second->attributes[ID::keep] = RTLIL::Const(1);
+				it.second->attributes[ID(_techmap_special_)] = RTLIL::Const(1);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -175,11 +175,11 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 		}
 
 		std::string orig_cell_name;
-		pool<string> extra_src_attrs = cell->get_strpool_attribute("\\src");
+		pool<string> extra_src_attrs = cell->get_strpool_attribute(ID(src));
 
 		if (!flatten_mode) {
 			for (auto &it : tpl->cells_)
-				if (it.first == "\\_TECHMAP_REPLACE_") {
+				if (it.first == ID(_TECHMAP_REPLACE_)) {
 					orig_cell_name = cell->name.str();
 					module->rename(cell, stringf("$techmap%d", autoidx++) + cell->name.str());
 					break;
@@ -189,16 +189,16 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 		dict<IdString, IdString> memory_renames;
 
 		for (auto &it : tpl->memories) {
-			std::string m_name = it.first.str();
-			apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), m_name);
+			IdString m_name = it.first;
+			apply_prefix(cell->name, m_name);
 			RTLIL::Memory *m = new RTLIL::Memory;
 			m->name = m_name;
 			m->width = it.second->width;
 			m->start_offset = it.second->start_offset;
 			m->size = it.second->size;
 			m->attributes = it.second->attributes;
-			if (m->attributes.count("\\src"))
-				m->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", extra_src_attrs);
+			if (m->attributes.count(ID(src)))
+				m->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), extra_src_attrs);
 			module->memories[m->name] = m;
 			memory_renames[it.first] = m->name;
 			design->select(module, m);
@@ -209,16 +209,16 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 		for (auto &it : tpl->wires_) {
 			if (it.second->port_id > 0)
 				positional_ports[stringf("$%d", it.second->port_id)] = it.first;
-			std::string w_name = it.second->name.str();
-			apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), w_name);
+			IdString w_name = it.second->name;
+			apply_prefix(cell->name, w_name);
 			RTLIL::Wire *w = module->addWire(w_name, it.second);
 			w->port_input = false;
 			w->port_output = false;
 			w->port_id = 0;
-			if (it.second->get_bool_attribute("\\_techmap_special_"))
+			if (it.second->get_bool_attribute(ID(_techmap_special_)))
 				w->attributes.clear();
-			if (w->attributes.count("\\src"))
-				w->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", extra_src_attrs);
+			if (w->attributes.count(ID(src)))
+				w->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), extra_src_attrs);
 			design->select(module, w);
 		}
 
@@ -257,18 +257,18 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 			if (w->port_output && !w->port_input) {
 				c.first = it.second;
 				c.second = RTLIL::SigSpec(w);
-				apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), c.second, module);
+				apply_prefix(cell->name, c.second, module);
 				extra_connect.first = c.second;
 				extra_connect.second = c.first;
 			} else if (!w->port_output && w->port_input) {
 				c.first = RTLIL::SigSpec(w);
 				c.second = it.second;
-				apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), c.first, module);
+				apply_prefix(cell->name, c.first, module);
 				extra_connect.first = c.first;
 				extra_connect.second = c.second;
 			} else {
 				SigSpec sig_tpl = w, sig_tpl_pf = w, sig_mod = it.second;
-				apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), sig_tpl_pf, module);
+				apply_prefix(cell->name, sig_tpl_pf, module);
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_tpl) && i < GetSize(sig_mod); i++) {
 					if (tpl_written_bits.count(tpl_sigmap(sig_tpl[i]))) {
 						c.first.append(sig_mod[i]);
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 				}
 
 				for (auto &attr : w->attributes) {
-					if (attr.first == "\\src")
+					if (attr.first == ID(src))
 						continue;
 					module->connect(extra_connect);
 					break;
@@ -330,13 +330,13 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 
 		for (auto &it : tpl->cells_)
 		{
-			std::string c_name = it.second->name.str();
-			bool techmap_replace_cell = (!flatten_mode) && (c_name == "\\_TECHMAP_REPLACE_");
+			IdString c_name = it.second->name.str();
+			bool techmap_replace_cell = (!flatten_mode) && (c_name == ID(_TECHMAP_REPLACE_));
 
 			if (techmap_replace_cell)
 				c_name = orig_cell_name;
 			else
-				apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), c_name);
+				apply_prefix(cell->name, c_name);
 
 			RTLIL::Cell *c = module->addCell(c_name, it.second);
 			design->select(module, c);
@@ -345,24 +345,24 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 				c->type = c->type.substr(1);
 
 			for (auto &it2 : c->connections_) {
-				apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), it2.second, module);
+				apply_prefix(cell->name, it2.second, module);
 				port_signal_map.apply(it2.second);
 			}
 
-			if (c->type == "$memrd" || c->type == "$memwr" || c->type == "$meminit") {
-				IdString memid = c->getParam("\\MEMID").decode_string();
+			if (c->type.in(ID($memrd), ID($memwr), ID($meminit))) {
+				IdString memid = c->getParam(ID(MEMID)).decode_string();
 				log_assert(memory_renames.count(memid) != 0);
-				c->setParam("\\MEMID", Const(memory_renames[memid].str()));
+				c->setParam(ID(MEMID), Const(memory_renames[memid].str()));
 			}
 
-			if (c->type == "$mem") {
-				string memid = c->getParam("\\MEMID").decode_string();
-				apply_prefix(cell->name.str(), memid);
-				c->setParam("\\MEMID", Const(memid));
+			if (c->type == ID($mem)) {
+				IdString memid = c->getParam(ID(MEMID)).decode_string();
+				apply_prefix(cell->name, memid);
+				c->setParam(ID(MEMID), Const(memid.c_str()));
 			}
 
-			if (c->attributes.count("\\src"))
-				c->add_strpool_attribute("\\src", extra_src_attrs);
+			if (c->attributes.count(ID(src)))
+				c->add_strpool_attribute(ID(src), extra_src_attrs);
 
 			if (techmap_replace_cell)
 				for (auto attr : cell->attributes)
@@ -416,9 +416,9 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 			}
 
 			if (flatten_mode) {
-				bool keepit = cell->get_bool_attribute("\\keep_hierarchy");
+				bool keepit = cell->get_bool_attribute(ID(keep_hierarchy));
 				for (auto &tpl_name : celltypeMap.at(cell_type))
-					if (map->modules_[tpl_name]->get_bool_attribute("\\keep_hierarchy"))
+					if (map->modules_[tpl_name]->get_bool_attribute(ID(keep_hierarchy)))
 						keepit = true;
 				if (keepit) {
 					if (!flatten_keep_list[cell]) {
@@ -484,13 +484,13 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 				{
 					std::string extmapper_name;
 
-					if (tpl->get_bool_attribute("\\techmap_simplemap"))
+					if (tpl->get_bool_attribute(ID(techmap_simplemap)))
 						extmapper_name = "simplemap";
 
-					if (tpl->get_bool_attribute("\\techmap_maccmap"))
+					if (tpl->get_bool_attribute(ID(techmap_maccmap)))
 						extmapper_name = "maccmap";
 
-					if (tpl->attributes.count("\\techmap_wrap"))
+					if (tpl->attributes.count(ID(techmap_wrap)))
 						extmapper_name = "wrap";
 
 					if (!extmapper_name.empty())
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 								m_name += stringf(":%s=%s", log_id(c.first), log_signal(c.second));
 
 							if (extmapper_name == "wrap")
-								m_name += ":" + sha1(tpl->attributes.at("\\techmap_wrap").decode_string());
+								m_name += ":" + sha1(tpl->attributes.at(ID(techmap_wrap)).decode_string());
 
 							RTLIL::Design *extmapper_design = extern_mode && !in_recursion ? design : tpl->design;
 							RTLIL::Module *extmapper_module = extmapper_design->module(m_name);
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 								int port_counter = 1;
 								for (auto &c : extmapper_cell->connections_) {
 									RTLIL::Wire *w = extmapper_module->addWire(c.first, GetSize(c.second));
-									if (w->name == "\\Y" || w->name == "\\Q")
+									if (w->name.in(ID::Y, ID(Q)))
 										w->port_output = true;
 									else
 										w->port_input = true;
@@ -541,14 +541,14 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 
 								if (extmapper_name == "maccmap") {
 									log("Creating %s with maccmap.\n", log_id(extmapper_module));
-									if (extmapper_cell->type != "$macc")
+									if (extmapper_cell->type != ID($macc))
 										log_error("The maccmap mapper can only map $macc (not %s) cells!\n", log_id(extmapper_cell->type));
 									maccmap(extmapper_module, extmapper_cell);
 									extmapper_module->remove(extmapper_cell);
 								}
 
 								if (extmapper_name == "wrap") {
-									std::string cmd_string = tpl->attributes.at("\\techmap_wrap").decode_string();
+									std::string cmd_string = tpl->attributes.at(ID(techmap_wrap)).decode_string();
 									log("Running \"%s\" on wrapper %s.\n", cmd_string.c_str(), log_id(extmapper_module));
 									mkdebug.on();
 									Pass::call_on_module(extmapper_design, extmapper_module, cmd_string);
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 							}
 
 							if (extmapper_name == "maccmap") {
-								if (cell->type != "$macc")
+								if (cell->type != ID($macc))
 									log_error("The maccmap mapper can only map $macc (not %s) cells!\n", log_id(cell->type));
 								maccmap(module, cell);
 							}
@@ -616,8 +616,8 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 						continue;
 					}
 
-					if (tpl->avail_parameters.count("\\_TECHMAP_CELLTYPE_") != 0)
-						parameters["\\_TECHMAP_CELLTYPE_"] = RTLIL::unescape_id(cell->type);
+					if (tpl->avail_parameters.count(ID(_TECHMAP_CELLTYPE_)) != 0)
+						parameters[ID(_TECHMAP_CELLTYPE_)] = RTLIL::unescape_id(cell->type);
 
 					for (auto conn : cell->connections()) {
 						if (tpl->avail_parameters.count(stringf("\\_TECHMAP_CONSTMSK_%s_", RTLIL::id2cstr(conn.first))) != 0) {
@@ -656,8 +656,8 @@ struct TechmapWorker
 							bits = i;
 					// Increment index by one to get number of bits
 					bits++;
-					if (tpl->avail_parameters.count("\\_TECHMAP_BITS_CONNMAP_"))
-						parameters["\\_TECHMAP_BITS_CONNMAP_"] = bits;
+					if (tpl->avail_parameters.count(ID(_TECHMAP_BITS_CONNMAP_)))
+						parameters[ID(_TECHMAP_BITS_CONNMAP_)] = bits;
 
 					for (auto conn : cell->connections())
 						if (tpl->avail_parameters.count(stringf("\\_TECHMAP_CONNMAP_%s_", RTLIL::id2cstr(conn.first))) != 0) {
@@ -1136,8 +1136,8 @@ struct TechmapPass : public Pass {
 
 		std::map<RTLIL::IdString, std::set<RTLIL::IdString, RTLIL::sort_by_id_str>> celltypeMap;
 		for (auto &it : map->modules_) {
-			if (it.second->attributes.count("\\techmap_celltype") && !it.second->attributes.at("\\techmap_celltype").bits.empty()) {
-				char *p = strdup(it.second->attributes.at("\\techmap_celltype").decode_string().c_str());
+			if (it.second->attributes.count(ID(techmap_celltype)) && !it.second->attributes.at(ID(techmap_celltype)).bits.empty()) {
+				char *p = strdup(it.second->attributes.at(ID(techmap_celltype)).decode_string().c_str());
 				for (char *q = strtok(p, " \t\r\n"); q; q = strtok(NULL, " \t\r\n"))
 					celltypeMap[RTLIL::escape_id(q)].insert(it.first);
 				free(p);
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ struct FlattenPass : public Pass {
 		RTLIL::Module *top_mod = NULL;
 		if (design->full_selection())
 			for (auto mod : design->modules())
-				if (mod->get_bool_attribute("\\top"))
+				if (mod->get_bool_attribute(ID(top)))
 					top_mod = mod;
 
 		std::set<RTLIL::Cell*> handled_cells;
diff --git a/passes/techmap/tribuf.cc b/passes/techmap/tribuf.cc
index 587cb9038..41fdc8f3d 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/tribuf.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/tribuf.cc
@@ -63,38 +63,38 @@ struct TribufWorker {
 
 		for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
 		{
-			if (cell->type == "$tribuf")
-				tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"))].push_back(cell);
+			if (cell->type == ID($tribuf))
+				tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y))].push_back(cell);
 
-			if (cell->type == "$_TBUF_")
-				tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"))].push_back(cell);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_TBUF_))
+				tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y))].push_back(cell);
 
-			if (cell->type.in("$mux", "$_MUX_"))
+			if (cell->type.in(ID($mux), ID($_MUX_)))
 			{
-				IdString en_port = cell->type == "$mux" ? "\\EN" : "\\E";
-				IdString tri_type = cell->type == "$mux" ? "$tribuf" : "$_TBUF_";
+				IdString en_port = cell->type == ID($mux) ? ID(EN) : ID(E);
+				IdString tri_type = cell->type == ID($mux) ? ID($tribuf) : ID($_TBUF_);
 
-				if (is_all_z(cell->getPort("\\A")) && is_all_z(cell->getPort("\\B"))) {
+				if (is_all_z(cell->getPort(ID::A)) && is_all_z(cell->getPort(ID::B))) {
 					module->remove(cell);
 					continue;
 				}
 
-				if (is_all_z(cell->getPort("\\A"))) {
-					cell->setPort("\\A", cell->getPort("\\B"));
-					cell->setPort(en_port, cell->getPort("\\S"));
-					cell->unsetPort("\\B");
-					cell->unsetPort("\\S");
+				if (is_all_z(cell->getPort(ID::A))) {
+					cell->setPort(ID::A, cell->getPort(ID::B));
+					cell->setPort(en_port, cell->getPort(ID(S)));
+					cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
+					cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
 					cell->type = tri_type;
-					tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"))].push_back(cell);
+					tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y))].push_back(cell);
 					continue;
 				}
 
-				if (is_all_z(cell->getPort("\\B"))) {
-					cell->setPort(en_port, module->Not(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\S")));
-					cell->unsetPort("\\B");
-					cell->unsetPort("\\S");
+				if (is_all_z(cell->getPort(ID::B))) {
+					cell->setPort(en_port, module->Not(NEW_ID, cell->getPort(ID(S))));
+					cell->unsetPort(ID::B);
+					cell->unsetPort(ID(S));
 					cell->type = tri_type;
-					tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Y"))].push_back(cell);
+					tribuf_cells[sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y))].push_back(cell);
 					continue;
 				}
 			}
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ struct TribufWorker {
 
 				SigSpec pmux_b, pmux_s;
 				for (auto cell : it.second) {
-					if (cell->type == "$tribuf")
-						pmux_s.append(cell->getPort("\\EN"));
+					if (cell->type == ID($tribuf))
+						pmux_s.append(cell->getPort(ID(EN)));
 					else
-						pmux_s.append(cell->getPort("\\E"));
-					pmux_b.append(cell->getPort("\\A"));
+						pmux_s.append(cell->getPort(ID(E)));
+					pmux_b.append(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 					module->remove(cell);
 				}
 
diff --git a/passes/techmap/zinit.cc b/passes/techmap/zinit.cc
index 2aefc091d..ac3d4ed4a 100644
--- a/passes/techmap/zinit.cc
+++ b/passes/techmap/zinit.cc
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ struct ZinitPass : public Pass {
 
 			for (auto wire : module->selected_wires())
 			{
-				if (wire->attributes.count("\\init") == 0)
+				if (wire->attributes.count(ID(init)) == 0)
 					continue;
 
 				SigSpec wirebits = sigmap(wire);
-				Const initval = wire->attributes.at("\\init");
-				wire->attributes.erase("\\init");
+				Const initval = wire->attributes.at(ID(init));
+				wire->attributes.erase(ID(init));
 
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(wirebits) && i < GetSize(initval); i++)
 				{
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ struct ZinitPass : public Pass {
 			}
 
 			pool<IdString> dff_types = {
-				"$ff", "$dff", "$dffe", "$dffsr", "$adff",
-				"$_FF_", "$_DFFE_NN_", "$_DFFE_NP_", "$_DFFE_PN_", "$_DFFE_PP_",
-				"$_DFFSR_NNN_", "$_DFFSR_NNP_", "$_DFFSR_NPN_", "$_DFFSR_NPP_",
-				"$_DFFSR_PNN_", "$_DFFSR_PNP_", "$_DFFSR_PPN_", "$_DFFSR_PPP_",
-				"$_DFF_N_", "$_DFF_NN0_", "$_DFF_NN1_", "$_DFF_NP0_", "$_DFF_NP1_",
-				"$_DFF_P_", "$_DFF_PN0_", "$_DFF_PN1_", "$_DFF_PP0_", "$_DFF_PP1_"
+				ID($ff), ID($dff), ID($dffe), ID($dffsr), ID($adff),
+				ID($_FF_), ID($_DFFE_NN_), ID($_DFFE_NP_), ID($_DFFE_PN_), ID($_DFFE_PP_),
+				ID($_DFFSR_NNN_), ID($_DFFSR_NNP_), ID($_DFFSR_NPN_), ID($_DFFSR_NPP_),
+				ID($_DFFSR_PNN_), ID($_DFFSR_PNP_), ID($_DFFSR_PPN_), ID($_DFFSR_PPP_),
+				ID($_DFF_N_), ID($_DFF_NN0_), ID($_DFF_NN1_), ID($_DFF_NP0_), ID($_DFF_NP1_),
+				ID($_DFF_P_), ID($_DFF_PN0_), ID($_DFF_PN1_), ID($_DFF_PP0_), ID($_DFF_PP1_)
 			};
 
 			for (auto cell : module->selected_cells())
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ struct ZinitPass : public Pass {
 				if (!dff_types.count(cell->type))
 					continue;
 
-				SigSpec sig_d = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\D"));
-				SigSpec sig_q = sigmap(cell->getPort("\\Q"));
+				SigSpec sig_d = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(D)));
+				SigSpec sig_q = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID(Q)));
 
 				if (GetSize(sig_d) < 1 || GetSize(sig_q) < 1)
 					continue;
@@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ struct ZinitPass : public Pass {
 				}
 
 				Wire *initwire = module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(initval));
-				initwire->attributes["\\init"] = initval;
+				initwire->attributes[ID(init)] = initval;
 
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(initwire); i++)
 					if (initval.bits.at(i) == State::S1)
 					{
 						sig_d[i] = module->NotGate(NEW_ID, sig_d[i]);
 						module->addNotGate(NEW_ID, SigSpec(initwire, i), sig_q[i]);
-						initwire->attributes["\\init"].bits.at(i) = State::S0;
+						initwire->attributes[ID(init)].bits.at(i) = State::S0;
 					}
 					else
 					{
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ struct ZinitPass : public Pass {
 				log("FF init value for cell %s (%s): %s = %s\n", log_id(cell), log_id(cell->type),
 						log_signal(sig_q), log_signal(initval));
 
-				cell->setPort("\\D", sig_d);
-				cell->setPort("\\Q", initwire);
+				cell->setPort(ID(D), sig_d);
+				cell->setPort(ID(Q), initwire);
 			}
 
 			for (auto &it : initbits)
diff --git a/passes/tests/test_cell.cc b/passes/tests/test_cell.cc
index 319669955..88116eeec 100644
--- a/passes/tests/test_cell.cc
+++ b/passes/tests/test_cell.cc
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ static void create_gold_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::IdString cell_type,
 	RTLIL::Cell *cell = module->addCell("\\UUT", cell_type);
 	RTLIL::Wire *wire;
 
-	if (cell_type == "$mux" || cell_type == "$pmux")
+	if (cell_type.in("$mux", "$pmux"))
 	{
 		int width = 1 + xorshift32(8);
 		int swidth = cell_type == "$mux" ? 1 : 1 + xorshift32(8);
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ static void create_gold_module(RTLIL::Design *design, RTLIL::IdString cell_type,
 		cell->setPort("\\Y", wire);
 	}
 
-	if (muxdiv && (cell_type == "$div" || cell_type == "$mod")) {
+	if (muxdiv && cell_type.in("$div", "$mod")) {
 		auto b_not_zero = module->ReduceBool(NEW_ID, cell->getPort("\\B"));
 		auto div_out = module->addWire(NEW_ID, GetSize(cell->getPort("\\Y")));
 		module->addMux(NEW_ID, RTLIL::SigSpec(0, GetSize(div_out)), div_out, b_not_zero, cell->getPort("\\Y"));