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/* Copyright 2012 Jun Wako <wakojun@gmail.com> */
/* Very basic print functions, intended to be used with usb_debug_only.c
 * http://www.pjrc.com/teensy/
 * Copyright (c) 2008 PJRC.COM, LLC
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */

#ifndef PRINT_H__
#define PRINT_H__ 1

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "util.h"

#if defined(PROTOCOL_CHIBIOS)
#define PSTR(x) x
#endif


#ifndef NO_PRINT

#if defined(__AVR__) /* __AVR__ */

#  include "avr/xprintf.h"

#  ifdef USER_PRINT /* USER_PRINT */

// Remove normal print defines
#    define print(s)
#    define println(s)
#    undef xprintf
#    define xprintf(fmt, ...)

// Create user print defines
#    define uprint(s)          xputs(PSTR(s))
#    define uprintln(s)        xputs(PSTR(s "\r\n"))
#    define uprintf(fmt, ...)  __xprintf(PSTR(fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__)

#  else /* NORMAL PRINT */

// Create user & normal print defines
#    define print(s)           xputs(PSTR(s))
#    define println(s)         xputs(PSTR(s "\r\n"))
#    define uprint(s)          print(s)
#    define uprintln(s)        println(s)
#    define uprintf(fmt, ...)  xprintf(fmt, ...)

#  endif /* USER_PRINT / NORMAL PRINT */

#  ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
#  endif

/* function pointer of sendchar to be used by print utility */
void print_set_sendchar(int8_t (*print_sendchar_func)(uint8_t));

#elif defined(PROTOCOL_CHIBIOS) /* PROTOCOL_CHIBIOS */

#  include "chibios/printf.h"

#  ifdef USER_PRINT /* USER_PRINT */

// Remove normal print defines
#    define print(s)
#    define println(s)
#    define xprintf(fmt, ...)

// Create user print defines
#    define uprint(s)    printf(s)
#    define uprintln(s)  printf(s "\r\n")
#    define uprintf      printf

#  else /* NORMAL PRINT */

// Create user & normal print defines
#    define print(s)     printf(s)
#    define println(s)   printf(s "\r\n")
#    define xprintf      printf
#    define uprint(s)    printf(s)
#    define uprintln(s)  printf(s "\r\n")
#    define uprintf      printf

#  endif /* USER_PRINT / NORMAL PRINT */

#elif defined(__arm__) /* __arm__ */

#  include "mbed/xprintf.h"

#  ifdef USER_PRINT /* USER_PRINT */

// Remove normal print defines
#    define print(s)
#    define println(s)
#    define xprintf(fmt, ...)

// Create user print defines
#    define uprintf(fmt, ...)  __xprintf(fmt, ...)
#    define uprint(s)          xprintf(s)
#    define uprintln(s)        xprintf(s "\r\n")

#  else /* NORMAL PRINT */

// Create user & normal print defines
#    define xprintf(fmt, ...)  __xprintf(fmt, ...)
#    define print(s)           xprintf(s)
#    define println(s)         xprintf(s "\r\n")
#    define uprint(s)          print(s)
#    define uprintln(s)        println(s)
#    define uprintf(fmt, ...)  xprintf(fmt, ...)

#  endif /* USER_PRINT / NORMAL PRINT */

/* TODO: to select output destinations: UART/USBSerial */
#  define print_set_sendchar(func)

#endif /* __AVR__ / PROTOCOL_CHIBIOS / __arm__ */

// User print disables the normal print messages in the body of QMK/TMK code and
// is meant as a lightweight alternative to NOPRINT. Use it when you only want to do
// a spot of debugging but lack flash resources for allowing all of the codebase to
// print (and store their wasteful strings).
//
// !!! DO NOT USE USER PRINT CALLS IN THE BODY OF QMK/TMK !!!
//
#ifdef USER_PRINT

// Disable normal print
#define print_dec(data)
#define print_decs(data)
#define print_hex4(data)
#define print_hex8(data)
#define print_hex16(data)
#define print_hex32(data)
#define print_bin4(data)
#define print_bin8(data)
#define print_bin16(data)
#define print_bin32(data)
#define print_bin_reverse8(data)
#define print_bin_reverse16(data)
#define print_bin_reverse32(data)
#define print_val_dec(v)
#define print_val_decs(v)
#define print_val_hex8(v)
#define print_val_hex16(v)
#define print_val_hex32(v)
#define print_val_bin8(v)
#define print_val_bin16(v)
#define print_val_bin32(v)
#define print_val_bin_reverse8(v)
#define print_val_bin_reverse16(v)
#define print_val_bin_reverse32(v)

#else /* NORMAL_PRINT */

//Enable normal print
/* decimal */
#define print_dec(i)                xprintf("%u", i)
#define print_decs(i)               xprintf("%d", i)
/* hex */
#define print_hex4(i)               xprintf("%X", i)
#define print_hex8(i)               xprintf("%02X", i)
#define print_hex16(i)              xprintf("%04X", i)
#define print_hex32(i)              xprintf("%08lX", i)
/* binary */
#define print_bin4(i)               xprintf("%04b", i)
#define print_bin8(i)               xprintf("%08b", i)
#define print_bin16(i)              xprintf("%016b", i)
#define print_bin32(i)              xprintf("%032lb", i)
#define print_bin_reverse8(i)       xprintf("%08b", bitrev(i))
#define print_bin_reverse16(i)      xprintf("%016b", bitrev16(i))
#define print_bin_reverse32(i)      xprintf("%032lb", bitrev32(i))
/* print value utility */
#define print_val_dec(v)            xprintf(#v ": %u\n", v)
#define print_val_decs(v)           xprintf(#v ": %d\n", v)
#define print_val_hex8(v)           xprintf(#v ": %X\n", v)
#define print_val_hex16(v)          xprintf(#v ": %02X\n", v)
#define print_val_hex32(v)          xprintf(#v ": %04lX\n", v)
#define print_val_bin8(v)           xprintf(#v ": %08b\n", v)
#define print_val_bin16(v)          xprintf(#v ": %016b\n", v)
#define print_val_bin32(v)          xprintf(#v ": %032lb\n", v)
#define print_val_bin_reverse8(v)   xprintf(#v ": %08b\n", bitrev(v))
#define print_val_bin_reverse16(v)  xprintf(#v ": %016b\n", bitrev16(v))
#define print_val_bin_reverse32(v)  xprintf(#v ": %032lb\n", bitrev32(v))

#endif /* USER_PRINT / NORMAL_PRINT */

// User Print

/* decimal */
#define uprint_dec(i)               uprintf("%u", i)
#define uprint_decs(i)              uprintf("%d", i)
/* hex */
#define uprint_hex4(i)              uprintf("%X", i)
#define uprint_hex8(i)              uprintf("%02X", i)
#define uprint_hex16(i)             uprintf("%04X", i)
#define uprint_hex32(i)             uprintf("%08lX", i)
/* binary */
#define uprint_bin4(i)              uprintf("%04b", i)
#define uprint_bin8(i)              uprintf("%08b", i)
#define uprint_bin16(i)             uprintf("%016b", i)
#define uprint_bin32(i)             uprintf("%032lb", i)
#define uprint_bin_reverse8(i)      uprintf("%08b", bitrev(i))
#define uprint_bin_reverse16(i)     uprintf("%016b", bitrev16(i))
#define uprint_bin_reverse32(i)     uprintf("%032lb", bitrev32(i))
/* print value utility */
#define uprint_val_dec(v)           uprintf(#v ": %u\n", v)
#define uprint_val_decs(v)          uprintf(#v ": %d\n", v)
#define uprint_val_hex8(v)          uprintf(#v ": %X\n", v)
#define uprint_val_hex16(v)         uprintf(#v ": %02X\n", v)
#define uprint_val_hex32(v)         uprintf(#v ": %04lX\n", v)
#define uprint_val_bin8(v)          uprintf(#v ": %08b\n", v)
#define uprint_val_bin16(v)         uprintf(#v ": %016b\n", v)
#define uprint_val_bin32(v)         uprintf(#v ": %032lb\n", v)
#define uprint_val_bin_reverse8(v)  uprintf(#v ": %08b\n", bitrev(v))
#define uprint_val_bin_reverse16(v) uprintf(#v ": %016b\n", bitrev16(v))
#define uprint_val_bin_reverse32(v) uprintf(#v ": %032lb\n", bitrev32(v))

#else   /* NO_PRINT */

#define xprintf(fmt, ...)
#define print(s)
#define println(s)
#define print_set_sendchar(func)
#define print_dec(data)
#define print_decs(data)
#define print_hex4(data)
#define print_hex8(data)
#define print_hex16(data)
#define print_hex32(data)
#define print_bin4(data)
#define print_bin8(data)
#define print_bin16(data)
#define print_bin32(data)
#define print_bin_reverse8(data)
#define print_bin_reverse16(data)
#define print_bin_reverse32(data)
#define print_val_dec(v)
#define print_val_decs(v)
#define print_val_hex8(v)
#define print_val_hex16(v)
#define print_val_hex32(v)
#define print_val_bin8(v)
#define print_val_bin16(v)
#define print_val_bin32(v)
#define print_val_bin_reverse8(v)
#define print_val_bin_reverse16(v)
#define print_val_bin_reverse32(v)

#endif  /* NO_PRINT */


/* Backward compatiblitly for old name */
#define pdec(data)              print_dec(data)
#define pdec16(data)            print_dec(data)
#define phex(data)              print_hex8(data)
#define phex16(data)            print_hex16(data)
#define pbin(data)              print_bin8(data)
#define pbin16(data)            print_bin16(data)
#define pbin_reverse(data)      print_bin_reverse8(data)
#define pbin_reverse16(data)    print_bin_reverse16(data)

#endif
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2025-11-17 21:51:36 +0000
) { m.doc() = "documentation string"; // optional m.def("add", [](int a, int b) { return a + b; }); } New API for defining custom constructors and pickling functions --------------------------------------------------------------- The old placement-new custom constructors have been deprecated. The new approach uses ``py::init()`` and factory functions to greatly improve type safety. Placement-new can be called accidentally with an incompatible type (without any compiler errors or warnings), or it can initialize the same object multiple times if not careful with the Python-side ``__init__`` calls. The new-style custom constructors prevent such mistakes. See :ref:`custom_constructors` for details. .. code-block:: cpp // old -- deprecated (runtime warning shown only in debug mode) py::class<Foo>(m, "Foo") .def("__init__", [](Foo &self, ...) { new (&self) Foo(...); // uses placement-new }); // new py::class<Foo>(m, "Foo") .def(py::init([](...) { // Note: no `self` argument return new Foo(...); // return by raw pointer // or: return std::make_unique<Foo>(...); // return by holder // or: return Foo(...); // return by value (move constructor) })); Mirroring the custom constructor changes, ``py::pickle()`` is now the preferred way to get and set object state. See :ref:`pickling` for details. .. code-block:: cpp // old -- deprecated (runtime warning shown only in debug mode) py::class<Foo>(m, "Foo") ... .def("__getstate__", [](const Foo &self) { return py::make_tuple(self.value1(), self.value2(), ...); }) .def("__setstate__", [](Foo &self, py::tuple t) { new (&self) Foo(t[0].cast<std::string>(), ...); }); // new py::class<Foo>(m, "Foo") ... .def(py::pickle( [](const Foo &self) { // __getstate__ return py::make_tuple(f.value1(), f.value2(), ...); // unchanged }, [](py::tuple t) { // __setstate__, note: no `self` argument return new Foo(t[0].cast<std::string>(), ...); // or: return std::make_unique<Foo>(...); // return by holder // or: return Foo(...); // return by value (move constructor) } )); For both the constructors and pickling, warnings are shown at module initialization time (on import, not when the functions are called). They're only visible when compiled in debug mode. Sample warning: .. code-block:: none pybind11-bound class 'mymodule.Foo' is using an old-style placement-new '__init__' which has been deprecated. See the upgrade guide in pybind11's docs. Stricter enforcement of hidden symbol visibility for pybind11 modules --------------------------------------------------------------------- pybind11 now tries to actively enforce hidden symbol visibility for modules. If you're using either one of pybind11's :doc:`CMake or Python build systems <compiling>` (the two example repositories) and you haven't been exporting any symbols, there's nothing to be concerned about. All the changes have been done transparently in the background. If you were building manually or relied on specific default visibility, read on. Setting default symbol visibility to *hidden* has always been recommended for pybind11 (see :ref:`faq:symhidden`). On Linux and macOS, hidden symbol visibility (in conjunction with the ``strip`` utility) yields much smaller module binaries. `CPython's extension docs`_ also recommend hiding symbols by default, with the goal of avoiding symbol name clashes between modules. Starting with v2.2, pybind11 enforces this more strictly: (1) by declaring all symbols inside the ``pybind11`` namespace as hidden and (2) by including the ``-fvisibility=hidden`` flag on Linux and macOS (only for extension modules, not for embedding the interpreter). .. _CPython's extension docs: https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module The namespace-scope hidden visibility is done automatically in pybind11's headers and it's generally transparent to users. It ensures that: * Modules compiled with different pybind11 versions don't clash with each other. * Some new features, like ``py::module_local`` bindings, can work as intended. The ``-fvisibility=hidden`` flag applies the same visibility to user bindings outside of the ``pybind11`` namespace. It's now set automatic by pybind11's CMake and Python build systems, but this needs to be done manually by users of other build systems. Adding this flag: * Minimizes the chances of symbol conflicts between modules. E.g. if two unrelated modules were statically linked to different (ABI-incompatible) versions of the same third-party library, a symbol clash would be likely (and would end with unpredictable results). * Produces smaller binaries on Linux and macOS, as pointed out previously. Within pybind11's CMake build system, ``pybind11_add_module`` has always been setting the ``-fvisibility=hidden`` flag in release mode. From now on, it's being applied unconditionally, even in debug mode and it can no longer be opted out of with the ``NO_EXTRAS`` option. The ``pybind11::module`` target now also adds this flag to it's interface. The ``pybind11::embed`` target is unchanged. The most significant change here is for the ``pybind11::module`` target. If you were previously relying on default visibility, i.e. if your Python module was doubling as a shared library with dependents, you'll need to either export symbols manually (recommended for cross-platform libraries) or factor out the shared library (and have the Python module link to it like the other dependents). As a temporary workaround, you can also restore default visibility using the CMake code below, but this is not recommended in the long run: .. code-block:: cmake target_link_libraries(mymodule PRIVATE pybind11::module) add_library(restore_default_visibility INTERFACE) target_compile_options(restore_default_visibility INTERFACE -fvisibility=default) target_link_libraries(mymodule PRIVATE restore_default_visibility) Local STL container bindings ---------------------------- Previous pybind11 versions could only bind types globally -- all pybind11 modules, even unrelated ones, would have access to the same exported types. However, this would also result in a conflict if two modules exported the same C++ type, which is especially problematic for very common types, e.g. ``std::vector<int>``. :ref:`module_local` were added to resolve this (see that section for a complete usage guide). ``py::class_`` still defaults to global bindings (because these types are usually unique across modules), however in order to avoid clashes of opaque types, ``py::bind_vector`` and ``py::bind_map`` will now bind STL containers as ``py::module_local`` if their elements are: builtins (``int``, ``float``, etc.), not bound using ``py::class_``, or bound as ``py::module_local``. For example, this change allows multiple modules to bind ``std::vector<int>`` without causing conflicts. See :ref:`stl_bind` for more details. When upgrading to this version, if you have multiple modules which depend on a single global binding of an STL container, note that all modules can still accept foreign ``py::module_local`` types in the direction of Python-to-C++. The locality only affects the C++-to-Python direction. If this is needed in multiple modules, you'll need to either: * Add a copy of the same STL binding to all of the modules which need it. * Restore the global status of that single binding by marking it ``py::module_local(false)``. The latter is an easy workaround, but in the long run it would be best to localize all common type bindings in order to avoid conflicts with third-party modules. Negative strides for Python buffer objects and numpy arrays ----------------------------------------------------------- Support for negative strides required changing the integer type from unsigned to signed in the interfaces of ``py::buffer_info`` and ``py::array``. If you have compiler warnings enabled, you may notice some new conversion warnings after upgrading. These can be resolved using ``static_cast``. Deprecation of some ``py::object`` APIs --------------------------------------- To compare ``py::object`` instances by pointer, you should now use ``obj1.is(obj2)`` which is equivalent to ``obj1 is obj2`` in Python. Previously, pybind11 used ``operator==`` for this (``obj1 == obj2``), but that could be confusing and is now deprecated (so that it can eventually be replaced with proper rich object comparison in a future release). For classes which inherit from ``py::object``, ``borrowed`` and ``stolen`` were previously available as protected constructor tags. Now the types should be used directly instead: ``borrowed_t{}`` and ``stolen_t{}`` (`#771 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/771>`_). Stricter compile-time error checking ------------------------------------ Some error checks have been moved from run time to compile time. Notably, automatic conversion of ``std::shared_ptr<T>`` is not possible when ``T`` is not directly registered with ``py::class_<T>`` (e.g. ``std::shared_ptr<int>`` or ``std::shared_ptr<std::vector<T>>`` are not automatically convertible). Attempting to bind a function with such arguments now results in a compile-time error instead of waiting to fail at run time. ``py::init<...>()`` constructor definitions are also stricter and now prevent bindings which could cause unexpected behavior: .. code-block:: cpp struct Example { Example(int &); }; py::class_<Example>(m, "Example") .def(py::init<int &>()); // OK, exact match // .def(py::init<int>()); // compile-time error, mismatch A non-``const`` lvalue reference is not allowed to bind to an rvalue. However, note that a constructor taking ``const T &`` can still be registered using ``py::init<T>()`` because a ``const`` lvalue reference can bind to an rvalue. v2.1 ==== Minimum compiler versions are enforced at compile time ------------------------------------------------------ The minimums also apply to v2.0 but the check is now explicit and a compile-time error is raised if the compiler does not meet the requirements: * GCC >= 4.8 * clang >= 3.3 (appleclang >= 5.0) * MSVC >= 2015u3 * Intel C++ >= 15.0 The ``py::metaclass`` attribute is not required for static properties --------------------------------------------------------------------- Binding classes with static properties is now possible by default. The zero-parameter version of ``py::metaclass()`` is deprecated. However, a new one-parameter ``py::metaclass(python_type)`` version was added for rare cases when a custom metaclass is needed to override pybind11's default. .. code-block:: cpp // old -- emits a deprecation warning py::class_<Foo>(m, "Foo", py::metaclass()) .def_property_readonly_static("foo", ...); // new -- static properties work without the attribute py::class_<Foo>(m, "Foo") .def_property_readonly_static("foo", ...); // new -- advanced feature, override pybind11's default metaclass py::class_<Bar>(m, "Bar", py::metaclass(custom_python_type)) ... v2.0 ==== Breaking changes in ``py::class_`` ---------------------------------- These changes were necessary to make type definitions in pybind11 future-proof, to support PyPy via its ``cpyext`` mechanism (`#527 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/527>`_), and to improve efficiency (`rev. 86d825 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/86d825>`_). 1. Declarations of types that provide access via the buffer protocol must now include the ``py::buffer_protocol()`` annotation as an argument to the ``py::class_`` constructor. .. code-block:: cpp py::class_<Matrix>("Matrix", py::buffer_protocol()) .def(py::init<...>()) .def_buffer(...); 2. Classes which include static properties (e.g. ``def_readwrite_static()``) must now include the ``py::metaclass()`` attribute. Note: this requirement has since been removed in v2.1. If you're upgrading from 1.x, it's recommended to skip directly to v2.1 or newer. 3. This version of pybind11 uses a redesigned mechanism for instantiating trampoline classes that are used to override virtual methods from within Python. This led to the following user-visible syntax change: .. code-block:: cpp // old v1.x syntax py::class_<TrampolineClass>("MyClass") .alias<MyClass>() ... // new v2.x syntax py::class_<MyClass, TrampolineClass>("MyClass") ... Importantly, both the original and the trampoline class are now specified as arguments to the ``py::class_`` template, and the ``alias<..>()`` call is gone. The new scheme has zero overhead in cases when Python doesn't override any functions of the underlying C++ class. `rev. 86d825 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/86d825>`_. The class type must be the first template argument given to ``py::class_`` while the trampoline can be mixed in arbitrary order with other arguments (see the following section). Deprecation of the ``py::base<T>()`` attribute ---------------------------------------------- ``py::base<T>()`` was deprecated in favor of specifying ``T`` as a template argument to ``py::class_``. This new syntax also supports multiple inheritance. Note that, while the type being exported must be the first argument in the ``py::class_<Class, ...>`` template, the order of the following types (bases, holder and/or trampoline) is not important. .. code-block:: cpp // old v1.x py::class_<Derived>("Derived", py::base<Base>()); // new v2.x py::class_<Derived, Base>("Derived"); // new -- multiple inheritance py::class_<Derived, Base1, Base2>("Derived"); // new -- apart from `Derived` the argument order can be arbitrary py::class_<Derived, Base1, Holder, Base2, Trampoline>("Derived"); Out-of-the-box support for ``std::shared_ptr`` ---------------------------------------------- The relevant type caster is now built in, so it's no longer necessary to include a declaration of the form: .. code-block:: cpp PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, std::shared_ptr<T>) Continuing to do so won’t cause an error or even a deprecation warning, but it's completely redundant. Deprecation of a few ``py::object`` APIs ---------------------------------------- All of the old-style calls emit deprecation warnings. +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Old syntax | New syntax | +=======================================+=============================================+ | ``obj.call(args...)`` | ``obj(args...)`` | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | ``obj.str()`` | ``py::str(obj)`` | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | ``auto l = py::list(obj); l.check()`` | ``py::isinstance<py::list>(obj)`` | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | ``py::object(ptr, true)`` | ``py::reinterpret_borrow<py::object>(ptr)`` | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | ``py::object(ptr, false)`` | ``py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(ptr)`` | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | ``if (obj.attr("foo"))`` | ``if (py::hasattr(obj, "foo"))`` | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | ``if (obj["bar"])`` | ``if (obj.contains("bar"))`` | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
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