1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
|
// The four D flip-flops (DFFs) in a Cyclone V/10GX Adaptive Logic Module (ALM)
// act as one-bit memory cells that can be placed very flexibly (wherever there's
// an ALM); each flop is represented by a MISTRAL_FF cell.
//
// The flops in these chips are rather flexible in some ways, but in practice
// quite crippled by FPGA standards.
//
// What the flops can do
// ---------------------
// The core flop acts as a single-bit memory that initialises to zero at chip
// reset. It takes in data on the rising edge of CLK if ENA is high,
// and outputs it to Q. The ENA (clock enable) pin can therefore be used to
// capture the input only if a condition is true.
//
// The data itself is zero if SCLR (synchronous clear) is high, else it comes
// from SDATA (synchronous data) if SLOAD (synchronous load) is high, or DATAIN
// if SLOAD is low.
//
// If ACLR (asynchronous clear) is low then Q is forced to zero, regardless of
// the synchronous inputs or CLK edge. This is most often used for an FPGA-wide
// power-on reset.
//
// An asynchronous set that sets Q to one can be emulated by inverting the input
// and output of the flop, resulting in ACLR forcing Q to zero, which then gets
// inverted to produce one. Likewise, logic can operate on the falling edge of
// CLK if CLK is inverted before being passed as an input.
//
// What the flops *can't* do
// -------------------------
// The trickiest part of the above capabilities is the lack of configurable
// initialisation state. For example, it isn't possible to implement a flop with
// asynchronous clear that initialises to one, because the hardware initialises
// to zero. Likewise, you can't emulate a flop with asynchronous set that
// initialises to zero, because the inverters mean the flop initialises to one.
//
// If the input design requires one of these cells (which appears to be rare
// in practice) then synth_intel_alm will fail to synthesize the design where
// other Yosys synthesis scripts might succeed.
//
// This stands in notable contrast to e.g. Xilinx flip-flops, which have
// configurable initialisation state and native synchronous/asynchronous
// set/clear (although not at the same time), which means they can generally
// implement a much wider variety of logic.
// DATAIN: synchronous data input
// CLK: clock input (positive edge)
// ACLR: asynchronous clear (negative-true)
// ENA: clock-enable
// SCLR: synchronous clear
// SLOAD: synchronous load
// SDATA: synchronous load data
//
// Q: data output
//
// Note: the DFFEAS primitive is mostly emulated; it does not reflect what the hardware implements.
`ifdef cyclonev
`define SYNCPATH 262
`define SYNCSETUP 522
`define COMBPATH 0
`endif
`ifdef cyclone10gx
`define SYNCPATH 219
`define SYNCSETUP 268
`define COMBPATH 0
`endif
// fallback for when a family isn't detected (e.g. when techmapping for equivalence)
`ifndef SYNCPATH
`define SYNCPATH 0
`define SYNCSETUP 0
`define COMBPATH 0
`endif
(* abc9_box, lib_whitebox *)
module MISTRAL_FF(
input DATAIN, CLK, ACLR, ENA, SCLR, SLOAD, SDATA,
output reg Q
);
specify
if (ENA) (posedge CLK => (Q : DATAIN)) = `SYNCPATH;
if (ENA) (posedge CLK => (Q : SCLR)) = `SYNCPATH;
if (ENA) (posedge CLK => (Q : SLOAD)) = `SYNCPATH;
if (ENA) (posedge CLK => (Q : SDATA)) = `SYNCPATH;
$setup(DATAIN, posedge CLK, `SYNCSETUP);
$setup(ENA, posedge CLK, `SYNCSETUP);
$setup(SCLR, posedge CLK, `SYNCSETUP);
$setup(SLOAD, posedge CLK, `SYNCSETUP);
$setup(SDATA, posedge CLK, `SYNCSETUP);
if (!ACLR) (ACLR => Q) = `COMBPATH;
endspecify
initial begin
// Altera flops initialise to zero.
Q = 0;
end
always @(posedge CLK, negedge ACLR) begin
// Asynchronous clear
if (!ACLR) Q <= 0;
// Clock-enable
else if (ENA) begin
// Synchronous clear
if (SCLR) Q <= 0;
// Synchronous load
else if (SLOAD) Q <= SDATA;
else Q <= DATAIN;
end
end
endmodule
|
