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<div class='path'>path: <a href='/cgit.cgi/openwrt/upstream/diff/?h=v21.02.0-rc4&amp;id=a464fba7eb0c5a0d8d6cb2fb9ae8fe00d67d8e2b'>root</a>/<a href='/cgit.cgi/openwrt/upstream/diff/target?h=v21.02.0-rc4&amp;id=a464fba7eb0c5a0d8d6cb2fb9ae8fe00d67d8e2b'>target</a>/<a href='/cgit.cgi/openwrt/upstream/diff/target/linux?h=v21.02.0-rc4&amp;id=a464fba7eb0c5a0d8d6cb2fb9ae8fe00d67d8e2b'>linux</a></div><div class='content'><div class='cgit-panel'><b>diff options</b><form method='get'><input type='hidden' name='h' value='v21.02.0-rc4'/><input type='hidden' name='id' value='a464fba7eb0c5a0d8d6cb2fb9ae8fe00d67d8e2b'/><table><tr><td colspan='2'/></tr><tr><td class='label'>context:</td><td class='ctrl'><select name='context' onchange='this.form.submit();'><option value='1'>1</option><option value='2'>2</option><option value='3' selected='selected'>3</option><option value='4'>4</option><option value='5'>5</option><option value='6'>6</option><option value='7'>7</option><option value='8'>8</option><option value='9'>9</option><option value='10'>10</option><option value='15'>15</option><option value='20'>20</option><option value='25'>25</option><option value='30'>30</option><option value='35'>35</option><option value='40'>40</option></select></td></tr><tr><td class='label'>space:</td><td class='ctrl'><select name='ignorews' onchange='this.form.submit();'><option value='0' selected='selected'>include</option><option value='1'>ignore</option></select></td></tr><tr><td class='label'>mode:</td><td class='ctrl'><select name='dt' onchange='this.form.submit();'><option value='0' selected='selected'>unified</option><option value='1'>ssdiff</option><option value='2'>stat only</option></select></td></tr><tr><td/><td class='ctrl'><noscript><input type='submit' value='reload'/></noscript></td></tr></table></form></div><div class='diffstat-header'><a href='/cgit.cgi/openwrt/upstream/diff/?h=v21.02.0-rc4&amp;id=a464fba7eb0c5a0d8d6cb2fb9ae8fe00d67d8e2b'>Diffstat</a> (limited to 'target/linux')</div><table summary='diffstat' class='diffstat'><tr><td class='mode'>-rw-r--r--</td><td class='upd'><a href='/cgit.cgi/openwrt/upstream/diff/target/linux/mediatek/Makefile?h=v21.02.0-rc4&amp;id=a464fba7eb0c5a0d8d6cb2fb9ae8fe00d67d8e2b'>target/linux/mediatek/Makefile</a></td><td class='right'>2</td><td class='graph'><table summary='file diffstat' width='2%'><tr><td class='add' style='width: 50.0%;'/><td class='rem' style='width: 50.0%;'/><td class='none' style='width: 0.0%;'/></tr></table></td></tr>
</table><div class='diffstat-summary'>1 files changed, 1 insertions, 1 deletions</div><table summary='diff' class='diff'><tr><td><div class='head'>diff --git a/target/linux/mediatek/Makefile b/target/linux/mediatek/Makefile<br/>index 6824111d85..4ebac09a6e 100644<br/>--- a/<a href='/cgit.cgi/openwrt/upstream/tree/target/linux/mediatek/Makefile?h=v21.02.0-rc4&amp;id=89a0fed2a2d2fc8b5e8eef4247f572ed9b53e72b'>target/linux/mediatek/Makefile</a><br/>+++ b/<a href='/cgit.cgi/openwrt/upstream/tree/target/linux/mediatek/Makefile?h=v21.02.0-rc4&amp;id=a464fba7eb0c5a0d8d6cb2fb9ae8fe00d67d8e2b'>target/linux/mediatek/Makefile</a></div><div class='hunk'>@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ARCH:=arm</div><div class='ctx'> BOARD:=mediatek</div><div class='ctx'> BOARDNAME:=MediaTek Ralink ARM</div><div class='ctx'> SUBTARGETS:=32</div><div class='del'>-FEATURES:=squashfs nand ubifs fpu</div><div class='add'>+FEATURES:=squashfs nand ubifs</div><div class='ctx'> MAINTAINER:=John Crispin &lt;john@phrozen.org&gt;</div><div class='ctx'> </div><div class='ctx'> KERNEL_PATCHVER:=4.9</div></td></tr></table></div> <!-- class=content -->
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</pre></td>
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.highlight .il { color: #0000DD; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */</style><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>One of the biggest challenges to getting started with embedded devices is that you
cannot just install a copy of Linux and expect to be able to compile a firmware.
Even if you did remember to install a compiler and every development tool offered,
you still would not have the basic set of tools needed to produce a firmware image.
The embedded device represents an entirely new hardware platform, which is
most of the time incompatible with the hardware on your development machine, so in a process called
cross compiling you need to produce a new compiler capable of generating code for
your embedded platform, and then use it to compile a basic Linux distribution to
run on your device.

The process of creating a cross compiler can be tricky, it is not something that is
regularly attempted and so there is a certain amount of mystery and black magic
associated with it. In many cases when you are dealing with embedded devices you will
be provided with a binary copy of a compiler and basic libraries rather than
instructions for creating your own -- it is a time saving step but at the same time
often means you will be using a rather dated set of tools. Likewise, it is also common
to be provided with a patched copy of the Linux kernel from the board or chip vendor,
but this is also dated and it can be difficult to spot exactly what has been
modified to make the kernel run on the embedded platform.

<span class="k">\subsection</span><span class="nb">{</span>Building an image<span class="nb">}</span>

OpenWrt takes a different approach to building a firmware; downloading, patching
and compiling everything from scratch, including the cross compiler. To put it
in simpler terms, OpenWrt does not contain any executables or even sources, it is an
automated system for downloading the sources, patching them to work with the given
platform and compiling them correctly for that platform. What this means is that
just by changing the template, you can change any step in the process.

As an example, if a new kernel is released, a simple change to one of the Makefiles
will download the latest kernel, patch it to run on the embedded platform and produce
a new firmware image -- there is no work to be done trying to track down an unmodified
copy of the existing kernel to see what changes had been made, the patches are
already provided and the process ends up almost completely transparent. This does not
just apply to the kernel, but to anything included with OpenWrt -- It is this one
simple understated concept which is what allows OpenWrt to stay on the bleeding edge
with the latest compilers, latest kernels and latest applications.

So let&#39;s take a look at OpenWrt and see how this all works.


<span class="k">\subsubsection</span><span class="nb">{</span>Download OpenWrt<span class="nb">}</span>

OpenWrt can be downloaded via subversion using the following command:

<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="s">$</span><span class="nb"> svn checkout svn:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="nb">svn.openwrt.org</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">openwrt</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">trunk openwrt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">trunk</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>

<span class="nb">Additionally, there is a trac interface on </span><span class="nv">\href</span><span class="nb">{https:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="nb">dev.openwrt.org</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">}{https:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="nb">dev.openwrt.org</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="nb">which can be used to monitor svn commits and browse the source repository.</span>


<span class="nv">\subsubsection</span><span class="nb">{The directory structure}</span>

<span class="nb">There are four key directories in the base:</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{tools}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{toolchain}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{target}</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{tools} and </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{toolchain} refer to common tools which will be</span>
<span class="nb">used to build the firmware image, the compiler, and the C library.</span>
<span class="nb">The result of this is three new directories, </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{build</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">host}, which is a temporary</span>
<span class="nb">directory for building the target independent tools, </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{build</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">toolchain</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;arch&gt;}</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="nb">which is used for building the toolchain for a specific architecture, and</span>
<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{staging</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">toolchain</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;arch&gt;}</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">} where the resulting toolchain is installed.</span>
<span class="nb">You will not need to do anything with the toolchain directory unless you intend to</span>
<span class="nb">add a new version of one of the components above.</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{build</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">host}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{build</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">toolchain</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;arch&gt;}</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package} is for exactly that </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb"> packages. In an OpenWrt firmware, almost everything</span>
<span class="nb">is an </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{.ipk}, a software package which can be added to the firmware to provide new</span>
<span class="nb">features or removed to save space. Note that packages are also maintained outside of the main</span>
<span class="nb">trunk and can be obtained from subversion using the package feeds system:</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>
<span class="s">$</span> ./scripts/feeds update
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>

Those packages can be used to extend the functionality of the build system and need to be
symlinked into the main trunk. Once you do that, the packages will show up in the menu for
configuration. You would do something like this:

<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="s">$</span><span class="nb"> .</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">scripts</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">feeds search nmap</span>
<span class="nb">Search results in feed &#39;packages&#39;:</span>
<span class="nb">nmap       Network exploration and</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">or security auditing utility</span>

<span class="s">$</span> ./scripts/feeds install nmap
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>

To include all packages, issue the following command:

<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="s">$</span><span class="nb"> make package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">symlinks</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>

<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{target} refers to the embedded platform, this contains items which are specific to</span>
<span class="nb">a specific embedded platform. Of particular interest here is the &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{target</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">linux}&quot;</span>
<span class="nb">directory which is broken down by platform </span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;arch&gt;} and contains the patches to the</span>
<span class="nb">kernel, profile config, for a particular platform. There&#39;s also the &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{target</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">image}&quot; directory</span>
<span class="nb">which describes how to package a firmware for a specific platform.</span>

<span class="nb">Both the target and package steps will use the directory &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{build</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;arch&gt;}}&quot;</span>
<span class="nb">as a temporary directory for compiling. Additionally, anything downloaded by the toolchain,</span>
<span class="nb">target or package steps will be placed in the &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{dl}&quot; directory.</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{build</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;arch&gt;}}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{dl}</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nv">\subsubsection</span><span class="nb">{Building OpenWrt}</span>

<span class="nb">While the OpenWrt build environment was intended mostly for developers, it also has to be</span>
<span class="nb">simple enough that an inexperienced end user can easily build his or her own customized firmware.</span>

<span class="nb">Running the command &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{make menuconfig}&quot; will bring up OpenWrt&#39;s configuration menu</span>
<span class="nb">screen, through this menu you can select which platform you&#39;re targeting, which versions of</span>
<span class="nb">the toolchain you want to use to build and what packages you want to install into the</span>
<span class="nb">firmware image. Note that it will also check to make sure you have the basic dependencies for it</span>
<span class="nb">to run correctly.  If that fails, you will need to install some more tools in your local environment</span>
<span class="nb">before you can begin.</span>

<span class="nb">Similar to the linux kernel config, almost every option has three choices,</span>
<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{y</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">m</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">n} which are represented as follows:</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{&lt;</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">&gt;} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">pressing y</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        This will be included in the firmware image</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{&lt;M&gt;} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">pressing m</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        This will be compiled but not included </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">for later install</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{&lt; &gt;} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">pressing n</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        This will not be compiled</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nb">After you&#39;ve finished with the menu configuration, exit and when prompted, save your</span>
<span class="nb">configuration changes.</span>

<span class="nb">If you want, you can also modify the kernel config for the selected target system.</span>
<span class="nb">simply run &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{make kernel</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">menuconfig}&quot; and the build system will unpack the kernel sources</span>
<span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">if necessary</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">, run menuconfig inside of the kernel tree, and then copy the kernel config</span>
<span class="nb">to </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{target</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">linux</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;platform&gt;}</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">config} so that it is preserved over</span>
<span class="nb">&quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{make clean}&quot; calls.</span>

<span class="nb">To begin compiling the firmware, type &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{make}&quot;. By default</span>
<span class="nb">OpenWrt will only display a high level overview of the compile process and not each individual</span>
<span class="nb">command.</span>

<span class="nv">\subsubsection</span><span class="nb">{Example:}</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>
<span class="nb">make</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"> toolchain</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">install</span>
<span class="nb">make</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">C toolchain install</span>
<span class="nb">make</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"> target</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">compile</span>
<span class="nb">make</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">C target compile</span>
<span class="nb">make</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="m">4</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">C target</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">utils prepare</span>

<span class="o">[</span><span class="nb">...</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>

<span class="nb">This makes it easier to monitor which step it&#39;s actually compiling and reduces the amount</span>
<span class="nb">of noise caused by the compile output. To see the full output, run the command</span>
<span class="nb">&quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{make V</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">99</span><span class="nb">}&quot;.</span>

<span class="nb">During the build process, buildroot will download all sources to the &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{dl}&quot;</span>
<span class="nb">directory and will start patching and compiling them in the &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{build</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;arch&gt;}}&quot;</span>
<span class="nb">directory. When finished, the resulting firmware will be in the &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{bin}&quot; directory</span>
<span class="nb">and packages will be in the &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{bin</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">packages}&quot; directory.</span>


<span class="nv">\subsection</span><span class="nb">{Creating packages}</span>

<span class="nb">One of the things that we&#39;ve attempted to do with OpenWrt&#39;s template system is make it</span>
<span class="nb">incredibly easy to port software to OpenWrt. If you look at a typical package directory</span>
<span class="nb">in OpenWrt you&#39;ll find several things:</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Makefile}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">patches}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">files}</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nb">The patches directory is optional and typically contains bug fixes or optimizations to</span>
<span class="nb">reduce the size of the executable. The package makefile is the important item, provides</span>
<span class="nb">the steps actually needed to download and compile the package.</span>

<span class="nb">The files directory is also optional and typicall contains package specific startup scripts or default configuration files that can be used out of the box with OpenWrt.</span>

<span class="nb">Looking at one of the package makefiles, you&#39;d hardly recognize it as a makefile.</span>
<span class="nb">Through what can only be described as blatant disregard and abuse of the traditional</span>
<span class="nb">make format, the makefile has been transformed into an object oriented template which</span>
<span class="nb">simplifies the entire ordeal.</span>

<span class="nb">Here for example, is </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">bridge</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Makefile}:</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nb">frame</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">single,numbers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">left</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"></span>

<span class="nb">include </span><span class="s">$</span>(TOPDIR)/rules.mk

PKG<span class="nb">_</span>NAME:=bridge
PKG<span class="nb">_</span>VERSION:=1.0.6
PKG<span class="nb">_</span>RELEASE:=1

PKG<span class="nb">_</span>SOURCE:=bridge-utils-<span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">PKG_VERSION</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">.tar.gz</span>
<span class="nb">PKG_SOURCE_URL:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">@SF</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">bridge</span>
<span class="nb">PKG_MD</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="nb">SUM:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">9</span><span class="nb">b</span><span class="m">7</span><span class="nb">dc</span><span class="m">52656</span><span class="nb">f</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="nb">cbec</span><span class="m">846</span><span class="nb">a</span><span class="m">7</span><span class="nb">ba</span><span class="m">3299</span><span class="nb">f</span><span class="m">73</span><span class="nb">bd</span>
<span class="nb">PKG_CAT:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">zcat</span>

<span class="nb">PKG_BUILD_DIR:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">$</span>(BUILD<span class="nb">_</span>DIR)/bridge-utils-<span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">PKG_VERSION</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"></span>

<span class="nb">include </span><span class="s">$</span>(INCLUDE<span class="nb">_</span>DIR)/package.mk

define Package/bridge
  SECTION:=net
  CATEGORY:=Base system
  TITLE:=Ethernet bridging configuration utility
  URL:=http://bridge.sourceforge.net/
endef

define Package/bridge/description
  Manage ethernet bridging: 
  a way to connect networks together to form a larger network.
endef

define Build/Configure
    <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">call Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Configure</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Default, </span><span class="err">\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb">with</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">linux</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">headers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">&quot;</span><span class="s">$</span>(LINUX<span class="nb">_</span>DIR)&quot; <span class="k">\</span>
    )
endef

define Package/bridge/install
    <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">INSTALL_DIR</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="s">$</span>(1)/usr/sbin
    <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">INSTALL_BIN</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="s">$</span>(PKG<span class="nb">_</span>BUILD<span class="nb">_</span>DIR)/brctl/brctl <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">)/</span><span class="nb">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">sbin</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">endef</span>

<span class="s">$</span>(eval <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">call BuildPackage,bridge</span><span class="o">))</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>

<span class="nb">As you can see, there&#39;s not much work to be done; everything is hidden in other makefiles</span>
<span class="nb">and abstracted to the point where you only need to specify a few variables.</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">NAME} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        The name of the package, as seen via menuconfig and ipkg</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">VERSION} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        The upstream version number that we are downloading</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">RELEASE} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        The version of this package Makefile</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">SOURCE} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        The filename of the original sources</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">SOURCE</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">URL} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        Where to download the sources from </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">no trailing slash</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">, you can add multiple download sources by separating them with a </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"> and a carriage return.</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">MD</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="nb">SUM} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        A checksum to validate the download</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">CAT} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        How to decompress the sources </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">zcat, bzcat, unzip</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">BUILD</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">DIR} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        Where to compile the package</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nb">The </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">} variables define where to download the package from;</span>
<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{@SF} is a special keyword for downloading packages from sourceforge. There is also</span>
<span class="nb">another keyword of </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{@GNU} for grabbing GNU source releases. If any of the above mentionned download source fails, the OpenWrt mirrors will be used as source.</span>

<span class="nb">The md</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="nb">sum </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">if present</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> is used to verify the package was downloaded correctly and</span>
<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PKG</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">BUILD</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">DIR} defines where to find the package after the sources are</span>
<span class="nb">uncompressed into </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">BUILD</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">DIR</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">}.</span>

<span class="nb">At the bottom of the file is where the real magic happens, &quot;BuildPackage&quot; is a macro</span>
<span class="nb">set up by the earlier include statements. BuildPackage only takes one argument directly </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">the name of the package to be built, in this case &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{bridge}&quot;. All other information</span>
<span class="nb">is taken from the define blocks. This is a way of providing a level of verbosity, it&#39;s</span>
<span class="nb">inherently clear what the contents of the </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{description} template in</span>
<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">bridge} is, which wouldn&#39;t be the case if we passed this information</span>
<span class="nb">directly as the Nth argument to </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{BuildPackage}.</span>

<span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{BuildPackage} uses the following defines:</span>

<span class="nv">\textbf</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}}:} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}} matches the argument passed to buildroot, this describes</span>
<span class="nb">    the package the menuconfig and ipkg entries. Within </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}}</span>
<span class="nb">    you can define the following variables:</span>

<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{SECTION} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">            The section of package </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">currently unused</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{CATEGORY} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">            Which menu it appears in menuconfig: Network, Sound, Utilities, Multimedia ...</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{TITLE} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">            A short description of the package</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{URL} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">            Where to find the original software</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{MAINTAINER} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">            Who to contact concerning the package</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{DEPENDS} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">            Which packages must be built</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">installed before this package. To reference a dependency defined in the</span>
<span class="nb">			same Makefile, use </span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;dependency name&gt;}. If defined as an external package, use </span>
<span class="nb">			</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">&lt;dependency name&gt;}. For a kernel version dependency use: </span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{@LINUX</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">&lt;minor version&gt;}</span>
<span class="nb">		</span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{BUILDONLY} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">			Set this option to </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="nb"> if you do NOT want your package to appear in menuconfig.</span>
<span class="nb">			This is useful for packages which are only used as build dependencies.</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nv">\textbf</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">conffiles} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">:} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">   A list of config files installed by this package, one file per line.</span>

<span class="nv">\textbf</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Prepare} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">:} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">   A set of commands to unpack and patch the sources. You may safely leave this</span>
<span class="nb">   undefined.</span>

<span class="nv">\textbf</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Configure} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">:} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">   You can leave this undefined if the source doesn&#39;t use configure or has a</span>
<span class="nb">   normal config script, otherwise you can put your own commands here or use</span>
<span class="nb">   &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">call Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Configure</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Default,</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;first list of arguments, second list&gt;}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">}&quot; as above to</span>
<span class="nb">   pass in additional arguments for a standard configure script. The first list of arguments will be passed</span>
<span class="nb">   to the configure script like that: </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb">arg </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="nb">} </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb">arg </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">}. The second list contains arguments that should be</span>
<span class="nb">   defined before running the configure script such as autoconf or compiler specific variables.</span>
<span class="nb">   </span>
<span class="nb">   To make it easier to modify the configure command line, you can either extend or completely override the following variables:</span>
<span class="nb">   </span><span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">     </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{CONFIGURE</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">ARGS} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">	     Contains all command line arguments </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">format: </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb">arg </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="nb">} </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb">arg </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">     </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{CONFIGURE</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">VARS} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">	     Contains all environment variables that are passed to .</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">configure </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">format: </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{NAME</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">&quot;value&quot;}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">   </span><span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nv">\textbf</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Compile} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">:} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">   How to compile the source; in most cases you should leave this undefined.</span>
<span class="nb">   </span>
<span class="nb">   As with </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Configure} there are two variables that allow you to override</span>
<span class="nb">   the make command line environment variables and flags:</span>
<span class="nb">   </span><span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">     </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{MAKE</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">FLAGS} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">	   Contains all command line arguments </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">typically variable overrides like </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{NAME</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">&quot;value&quot;}</span>
<span class="nb">	 </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{MAKE</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">VARS} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">	   Contains all environment variables that are passed to the make command</span>
<span class="nb">   </span><span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nv">\textbf</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">InstallDev} </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">optional</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">:} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">	If your package provides a library that needs to be made available to other packages,</span>
<span class="nb">	you can use the </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">InstallDev} template to copy it into the staging directory</span>
<span class="nb">	which is used to collect all files that other packages might depend on at build time.</span>
<span class="nb">	When it is called by the build system, two parameters are passed to it. </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} points to</span>
<span class="nb">	the regular staging dir, typically </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{staging</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{ARCH}}, while </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} points</span>
<span class="nb">	to </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{staging</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">host}. The host staging dir is only used for binaries, which are</span>
<span class="nb">	to be executed or linked against on the host and its </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{bin</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">} subdirectory is included</span>
<span class="nb">	in the </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{PATH} which is passed down to the build system processes.</span>
<span class="nb">	Please use </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} and </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} here instead of the build system variables</span>
<span class="nb">	</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">STAGING</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">DIR</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} and </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">STAGING</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">DIR</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">HOST</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">}, because the build system behavior</span>
<span class="nb">	when staging libraries might change in the future to include automatic uninstallation.</span>

<span class="nv">\textbf</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">install}:} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">   A set of commands to copy files out of the compiled source and into the ipkg</span>
<span class="nb">   which is represented by the </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">} directory. Note that there are currently</span>
<span class="nb">   </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="nb"> defined install macros:</span>
<span class="nb">   </span><span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">       </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{INSTALL</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">DIR} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">           install </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">d </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">m</span><span class="m">0755</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">       </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{INSTALL</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">BIN} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">           install </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">m</span><span class="m">0755</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">       </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{INSTALL</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">DATA} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">           install </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">m</span><span class="m">0644</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">       </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{INSTALL</span><span class="nv">\_</span><span class="nb">CONF} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">           install </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">m</span><span class="m">0600</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">   </span><span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nb">The reason that some of the defines are prefixed by &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}}&quot;</span>
<span class="nb">and others are simply &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build}&quot; is because of the possibility of generating</span>
<span class="nb">multiple packages from a single source. OpenWrt works under the assumption of one</span>
<span class="nb">source per package Makefile, but you can split that source into as many packages as</span>
<span class="nb">desired. Since you only need to compile the sources once, there&#39;s one global set of</span>
<span class="nb">&quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{Build}&quot; defines, but you can add as many &quot;Package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">&lt;name&gt;&quot; defines as you want</span>
<span class="nb">by adding extra calls to </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{BuildPackage} </span><span class="o">--</span><span class="nb"> see the dropbear package for an example.</span>

<span class="nb">After you have created your </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">Makefile}, the new package</span>
<span class="nb">will automatically show in the menu the next time you run &quot;make menuconfig&quot; and if selected</span>
<span class="nb">will be built automatically the next time &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{make}&quot; is run.</span>

<span class="nv">\subsection</span><span class="nb">{Creating binary packages}</span>

<span class="nb">You might want to create binary packages and include them in the resulting images as packages.</span>
<span class="nb">To do so, you can use the following template, which basically sets to nothing the Configure and</span>
<span class="nb">Compile templates.</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nb">frame</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">single,numbers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">left</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"></span>

<span class="nb">include </span><span class="s">$</span>(TOPDIR)/rules.mk

PKG<span class="nb">_</span>NAME:=binpkg
PKG<span class="nb">_</span>VERSION:=1.0
PKG<span class="nb">_</span>RELEASE:=1

PKG<span class="nb">_</span>SOURCE:=binpkg-<span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">PKG_VERSION</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">.tar.gz</span>
<span class="nb">PKG_SOURCE_URL:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">http:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="nb">server</span>
<span class="nb">PKG_MD</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="nb">SUM:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">9</span><span class="nb">b</span><span class="m">7</span><span class="nb">dc</span><span class="m">52656</span><span class="nb">f</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="nb">cbec</span><span class="m">846</span><span class="nb">a</span><span class="m">7</span><span class="nb">ba</span><span class="m">3299</span><span class="nb">f</span><span class="m">73</span><span class="nb">bd</span>
<span class="nb">PKG_CAT:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">zcat</span>

<span class="nb">include </span><span class="s">$</span>(INCLUDE<span class="nb">_</span>DIR)/package.mk

define Package/binpkg
  SECTION:=net
  CATEGORY:=Network
  TITLE:=Binary package
endef

define Package/bridge/description
  Binary package
endef

define Build/Configure
endef

define Build/Compile
endef

define Package/bridge/install
    <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">INSTALL_DIR</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="s">$</span>(1)/usr/sbin
    <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">INSTALL_BIN</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="s">$</span>(PKG<span class="nb">_</span>BUILD<span class="nb">_</span>DIR)/* <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">)/</span><span class="nb">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">sbin</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">endef</span>

<span class="s">$</span>(eval <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">call BuildPackage,bridge</span><span class="o">))</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>

<span class="nb">Provided that the tarball which contains the binaries reflects the final</span>
<span class="nb">directory layout </span><span class="o">(/</span><span class="nb">usr, </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">lib ...</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">, it becomes very easy to get your package</span>
<span class="nb">look like one build from sources.</span>

<span class="nb">Note that using the same technique, you can easily create binary pcakages</span>
<span class="nb">for your proprietary kernel modules as well.</span>

<span class="nv">\subsection</span><span class="nb">{Creating kernel modules packages}</span>

<span class="nb">The OpenWrt distribution makes the distinction between two kind of kernel modules, those coming along with the mainline kernel, and the others available as a separate project. We will see later that a common template is used for both of them.</span>

<span class="nb">For kernel modules that are part of the mainline kernel source, the makefiles are located in </span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">kernel</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">modules</span><span class="o">/*</span><span class="nb">.mk} and they appear under the section &quot;Kernel modules&quot;</span>

<span class="nb">For external kernel modules, you can add them to the build system just like if they were software packages by defining a KernelPackage section in the package makefile.</span>

<span class="nb">Here for instance the Makefile for the I</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">C subsytem kernel modules :</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nb">frame</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">single,numbers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">left</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"></span>

<span class="nb">I</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">CMENU:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">I</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">C Bus</span>

<span class="nb">define KernelPackage</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">i</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">c</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">core</span>
<span class="nb">  TITLE:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">I</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">C support</span>
<span class="nb">  DESCRIPTION:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">Kernel modules for i</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">c support</span>
<span class="nb">  SUBMENU:</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">$</span>(I2CMENU)
  KCONFIG:=CONFIG<span class="nb">_</span>I2C<span class="nb">_</span>CORE CONFIG<span class="nb">_</span>I2C<span class="nb">_</span>DEV
  FILES:=<span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">MODULES_DIR</span><span class="o">)/</span><span class="nb">kernel</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">drivers</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">i</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">c</span><span class="o">/*</span><span class="nb">.</span><span class="s">$</span>(LINUX<span class="nb">_</span>KMOD<span class="nb">_</span>SUFFIX)
  AUTOLOAD:=<span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">call AutoLoad,</span><span class="m">50</span><span class="nb">,i</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">c</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">core i</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">c</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">dev</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">endef</span>
<span class="s">$</span>(eval <span class="s">$</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">call KernelPackage,i</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">c</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">core</span><span class="o">))</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>

<span class="nb">To group kernel modules under a common description in menuconfig, you might want to define a </span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;description&gt;MENU} variable on top of the kernel modules makefile.</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{TITLE} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        The name of the module as seen via menuconfig</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{DESCRIPTION} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        The description as seen via help in menuconfig</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{SUBMENU} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        The sub menu under which this package will be seen</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{KCONFIG} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        Kernel configuration option dependency. For external modules, remove it.</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{FILES} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        Files you want to inlude to this kernel module package, separate with spaces.</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{AUTOLOAD} </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        Modules that will be loaded automatically on boot, the order you write them is the order they would be loaded.</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nb">After you have created your </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{package</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">kernel</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">modules</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}.mk}, the new kernel modules package</span>
<span class="nb">will automatically show in the menu under &quot;Kernel modules&quot; next time you run &quot;make menuconfig&quot; and if selected</span>
<span class="nb">will be built automatically the next time &quot;</span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{make}&quot; is run.</span>

<span class="nv">\subsection</span><span class="nb">{Conventions}</span>

<span class="nb">There are a couple conventions to follow regarding packages:</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{files}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{enumerate}</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> configuration files follow the convention </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}.conf}</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> init files follow the convention </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"></span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="nv">\textit</span><span class="nb">{&lt;name&gt;}.init}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{enumerate}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{patches}</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{enumerate}</span>
<span class="nb">        </span><span class="nv">\item</span><span class="nb"> patches are numerically prefixed and named related to what they do</span>
<span class="nb">    </span><span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{enumerate}</span>
<span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{itemize}</span>

<span class="nv">\subsection</span><span class="nb">{Troubleshooting}</span>

<span class="nb">If you find your package doesn&#39;t show up in menuconfig, try the following command to</span>
<span class="nb">see if you get the correct description:</span>

<span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{Verbatim}</span>
<span class="nb">  TOPDIR</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">$</span>PWD make -C package/&lt;name&gt; DUMP=1 V=99
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>

If you&#39;re just having trouble getting your package to compile, there&#39;s a few
shortcuts you can take. Instead of waiting for make to get to your package, you can
run one of the following:

<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>itemize<span class="nb">}</span>
    <span class="k">\item</span> <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>make package/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;name&gt;<span class="nb">}</span>/clean V=99<span class="nb">}</span>
    <span class="k">\item</span> <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>make package/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;name&gt;<span class="nb">}</span>/install V=99<span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>itemize<span class="nb">}</span>

Another nice trick is that if the source directory under <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>build<span class="k">\_</span>dir/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;arch&gt;<span class="nb">}}</span>
is newer than the package directory, it won&#39;t clobber it by unpacking the sources again.
If you were working on a patch you could simply edit the sources under the
<span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>build<span class="k">\_</span>dir/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;arch&gt;<span class="nb">}</span>/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;source&gt;<span class="nb">}}</span> directory and run the install command above,
when satisfied, copy the patched sources elsewhere and diff them with the unpatched
sources. A warning though - if you go modify anything under <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>package/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;name&gt;<span class="nb">}}</span>
it will remove the old sources and unpack a fresh copy.

Other useful targets include:

<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>itemize<span class="nb">}</span>
    <span class="k">\item</span> <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>make package/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;name&gt;<span class="nb">}</span>/prepare V=99<span class="nb">}</span>
    <span class="k">\item</span> <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>make package/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;name&gt;<span class="nb">}</span>/compile V=99<span class="nb">}</span>
    <span class="k">\item</span> <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>make package/<span class="k">\textit</span><span class="nb">{</span>&lt;name&gt;<span class="nb">}</span>/configure V=99<span class="nb">}</span>
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>itemize<span class="nb">}</span>


<span class="k">\subsection</span><span class="nb">{</span>Using build environments<span class="nb">}</span>
OpenWrt provides a means of building images for multiple configurations
which can use multiple targets in one single checkout. These <span class="k">\emph</span><span class="nb">{</span>environments<span class="nb">}</span>
store a copy of the .config file generated by <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>make menuconfig<span class="nb">}</span> and the contents
of the <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>./files<span class="nb">}</span> folder.
The script <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>./scripts/env<span class="nb">}</span> is used to manage these environments, it uses
<span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>git<span class="nb">}</span> (which needs to be installed on your system) as backend for version control.

The command 
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env help
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
produces a short help text with a list of commands.

To create a new environment named <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>current<span class="nb">}</span>, run the following command
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env new current
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
This will move your <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>.config<span class="nb">}</span> file and <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>./files<span class="nb">}</span> (if it exists) to
the <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>env/<span class="nb">}</span> subdirectory and create symlinks in the base folder.

After running make menuconfig or changing things in files/, your current state will
differ from what has been saved before. To show these changes, use:
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env diff
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>

If you want to save these changes, run:
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env save
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
If you want to revert your changes to the previously saved copy, run:
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env revert
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>

If you want, you can now create a second environment using the <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>new<span class="nb">}</span> command.
It will ask you whether you want to make it a clone of the current environment (e.g.
for minor changes) or if you want to start with a clean version (e.g. for selecting
a new target).

To switch to a different environment (e.g. <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>test1<span class="nb">}</span>), use:
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env switch test1
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>

To rename the current branch to a new name (e.g. <span class="k">\texttt</span><span class="nb">{</span>test2<span class="nb">}</span>), use:
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env rename test2
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>

If you want to get rid of environment switching and keep everything in the base directory
again, use:
<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
  ./scripts/env clear
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>Verbatim<span class="nb">}</span>
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