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diff --git a/src/bdd/cudd/cuddGenCof.c b/src/bdd/cudd/cuddGenCof.c
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+++ b/src/bdd/cudd/cuddGenCof.c
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+/**CFile***********************************************************************
+
+  FileName    [cuddGenCof.c]
+
+  PackageName [cudd]
+
+  Synopsis    [Generalized cofactors for BDDs and ADDs.]
+
+  Description [External procedures included in this module:
+        <ul>
+        <li> Cudd_bddConstrain()
+        <li> Cudd_bddRestrict()
+        <li> Cudd_addConstrain()
+        <li> Cudd_bddConstrainDecomp()
+        <li> Cudd_addRestrict()
+        <li> Cudd_bddCharToVect()
+        <li> Cudd_bddLICompaction()
+        <li> Cudd_bddSqueeze()
+        <li> Cudd_SubsetCompress()
+        <li> Cudd_SupersetCompress()
+        </ul>
+        Internal procedures included in this module:
+        <ul>
+        <li> cuddBddConstrainRecur()
+        <li> cuddBddRestrictRecur()
+        <li> cuddAddConstrainRecur()
+        <li> cuddAddRestrictRecur()
+        <li> cuddBddLICompaction()
+        </ul>
+        Static procedures included in this module:
+            <ul>
+        <li> cuddBddConstrainDecomp()
+        <li> cuddBddCharToVect()
+        <li> cuddBddLICMarkEdges()
+        <li> cuddBddLICBuildResult()
+        <li> cuddBddSqueeze()
+        </ul>
+        ]
+
+  Author      [Fabio Somenzi]
+
+  Copyright   [This file was created at the University of Colorado at
+  Boulder.  The University of Colorado at Boulder makes no warranty
+  about the suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is
+  presented on an AS IS basis.]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "cuddInt.h"
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Constant declarations                                                     */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+/* Codes for edge markings in Cudd_bddLICompaction.  The codes are defined
+** so that they can be bitwise ORed to implement the code priority scheme.
+*/
+#define DD_LIC_DC 0
+#define DD_LIC_1  1
+#define DD_LIC_0  2
+#define DD_LIC_NL 3
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Stucture declarations                                                     */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Type declarations                                                         */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+/* Key for the cache used in the edge marking phase. */
+typedef struct MarkCacheKey {
+    DdNode *f;
+    DdNode *c;
+} MarkCacheKey;
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Variable declarations                                                     */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef lint
+static char rcsid[] DD_UNUSED = "$Id: cuddGenCof.c,v 1.1.1.1 2003/02/24 22:23:52 wjiang Exp $";
+#endif
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Macro declarations                                                        */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+
+/**AutomaticStart*************************************************************/
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Static function prototypes                                                */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+static int cuddBddConstrainDecomp ARGS((DdManager *dd, DdNode *f, DdNode **decomp));
+static DdNode * cuddBddCharToVect ARGS((DdManager *dd, DdNode *f, DdNode *x));
+static int cuddBddLICMarkEdges ARGS((DdManager *dd, DdNode *f, DdNode *c, st_table *table, st_table *cache));
+static DdNode * cuddBddLICBuildResult ARGS((DdManager *dd, DdNode *f, st_table *cache, st_table *table));
+static int MarkCacheHash ARGS((char *ptr, int modulus));
+static int MarkCacheCompare ARGS((const char *ptr1, const char *ptr2));
+static enum st_retval MarkCacheCleanUp ARGS((char *key, char *value, char *arg));
+static DdNode * cuddBddSqueeze ARGS((DdManager *dd, DdNode *l, DdNode *u));
+
+/**AutomaticEnd***************************************************************/
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Definition of exported functions                                          */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Computes f constrain c.]
+
+  Description [Computes f constrain c (f @ c).
+  Uses a canonical form: (f' @ c) = ( f @ c)'.  (Note: this is not true
+  for c.)  List of special cases:
+    <ul>
+    <li> f @ 0 = 0
+    <li> f @ 1 = f
+    <li> 0 @ c = 0
+    <li> 1 @ c = 1
+    <li> f @ f = 1
+    <li> f @ f'= 0
+    </ul>
+  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL otherwise. Note that if
+  F=(f1,...,fn) and reordering takes place while computing F @ c, then the
+  image restriction property (Img(F,c) = Img(F @ c)) is lost.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddRestrict Cudd_addConstrain]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_bddConstrain(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode *res;
+
+    do {
+    dd->reordered = 0;
+    res = cuddBddConstrainRecur(dd,f,c);
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_bddConstrain */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis [BDD restrict according to Coudert and Madre's algorithm
+  (ICCAD90).]
+
+  Description [BDD restrict according to Coudert and Madre's algorithm
+  (ICCAD90). Returns the restricted BDD if successful; otherwise NULL.
+  If application of restrict results in a BDD larger than the input
+  BDD, the input BDD is returned.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddConstrain Cudd_addRestrict]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_bddRestrict(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode *suppF, *suppC, *commonSupport;
+    DdNode *cplus, *res;
+    int retval;
+    int sizeF, sizeRes;
+
+    /* Check terminal cases here to avoid computing supports in trivial cases.
+    ** This also allows us notto check later for the case c == 0, in which
+    ** there is no common support. */
+    if (c == Cudd_Not(DD_ONE(dd))) return(Cudd_Not(DD_ONE(dd)));
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f)) return(f);
+    if (f == c) return(DD_ONE(dd));
+    if (f == Cudd_Not(c)) return(Cudd_Not(DD_ONE(dd)));
+
+    /* Check if supports intersect. */
+    retval = Cudd_ClassifySupport(dd,f,c,&commonSupport,&suppF,&suppC);
+    if (retval == 0) {
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(commonSupport); cuddRef(suppF); cuddRef(suppC);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,suppF);
+
+    if (commonSupport == DD_ONE(dd)) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,commonSupport);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,suppC);
+    return(f);
+    }
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,commonSupport);
+
+    /* Abstract from c the variables that do not appear in f. */
+    cplus = Cudd_bddExistAbstract(dd, c, suppC);
+    if (cplus == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,suppC);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(cplus);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,suppC);
+
+    do {
+    dd->reordered = 0;
+    res = cuddBddRestrictRecur(dd, f, cplus);
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    if (res == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,cplus);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(res);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,cplus);
+    /* Make restric safe by returning the smaller of the input and the
+    ** result. */
+    sizeF = Cudd_DagSize(f);
+    sizeRes = Cudd_DagSize(res);
+    if (sizeF <= sizeRes) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, res);
+    return(f);
+    } else {
+    cuddDeref(res);
+    return(res);
+    }
+
+} /* end of Cudd_bddRestrict */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Computes f constrain c for ADDs.]
+
+  Description [Computes f constrain c (f @ c), for f an ADD and c a 0-1
+  ADD.  List of special cases:
+    <ul>
+    <li> F @ 0 = 0
+    <li> F @ 1 = F
+    <li> 0 @ c = 0
+    <li> 1 @ c = 1
+    <li> F @ F = 1
+    </ul>
+  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddConstrain]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_addConstrain(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode *res;
+
+    do {
+    dd->reordered = 0;
+    res = cuddAddConstrainRecur(dd,f,c);
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_addConstrain */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis [BDD conjunctive decomposition as in McMillan's CAV96 paper.]
+
+  Description [BDD conjunctive decomposition as in McMillan's CAV96
+  paper.  The decomposition is canonical only for a given variable
+  order. If canonicity is required, variable ordering must be disabled
+  after the decomposition has been computed. Returns an array with one
+  entry for each BDD variable in the manager if successful; otherwise
+  NULL. The components of the solution have their reference counts
+  already incremented (unlike the results of most other functions in
+  the package.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddConstrain Cudd_bddExistAbstract]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode **
+Cudd_bddConstrainDecomp(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f)
+{
+    DdNode **decomp;
+    int res;
+    int i;
+
+    /* Create an initialize decomposition array. */
+    decomp = ALLOC(DdNode *,dd->size);
+    if (decomp == NULL) {
+    dd->errorCode = CUDD_MEMORY_OUT;
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < dd->size; i++) {
+    decomp[i] = NULL;
+    }
+    do {
+    dd->reordered = 0;
+    /* Clean up the decomposition array in case reordering took place. */
+    for (i = 0; i < dd->size; i++) {
+        if (decomp[i] != NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, decomp[i]);
+        decomp[i] = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    res = cuddBddConstrainDecomp(dd,f,decomp);
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    if (res == 0) {
+    FREE(decomp);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    /* Missing components are constant ones. */
+    for (i = 0; i < dd->size; i++) {
+    if (decomp[i] == NULL) {
+        decomp[i] = DD_ONE(dd);
+        cuddRef(decomp[i]);
+    }
+    }
+    return(decomp);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_bddConstrainDecomp */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis [ADD restrict according to Coudert and Madre's algorithm
+  (ICCAD90).]
+
+  Description [ADD restrict according to Coudert and Madre's algorithm
+  (ICCAD90). Returns the restricted ADD if successful; otherwise NULL.
+  If application of restrict results in an ADD larger than the input
+  ADD, the input ADD is returned.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_addConstrain Cudd_bddRestrict]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_addRestrict(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode *supp_f, *supp_c;
+    DdNode *res, *commonSupport;
+    int intersection;
+    int sizeF, sizeRes;
+
+    /* Check if supports intersect. */
+    supp_f = Cudd_Support(dd, f);
+    if (supp_f == NULL) {
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(supp_f);
+    supp_c = Cudd_Support(dd, c);
+    if (supp_c == NULL) {
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd,supp_f);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(supp_c);
+    commonSupport = Cudd_bddLiteralSetIntersection(dd, supp_f, supp_c);
+    if (commonSupport == NULL) {
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd,supp_f);
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd,supp_c);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(commonSupport);
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd,supp_f);
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd,supp_c);
+    intersection = commonSupport != DD_ONE(dd);
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd,commonSupport);
+
+    if (intersection) {
+    do {
+        dd->reordered = 0;
+        res = cuddAddRestrictRecur(dd, f, c);
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    sizeF = Cudd_DagSize(f);
+    sizeRes = Cudd_DagSize(res);
+    if (sizeF <= sizeRes) {
+        cuddRef(res);
+        Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, res);
+        return(f);
+    } else {
+        return(res);
+    }
+    } else {
+    return(f);
+    }
+
+} /* end of Cudd_addRestrict */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Computes a vector whose image equals a non-zero function.]
+
+  Description [Computes a vector of BDDs whose image equals a non-zero
+  function.
+  The result depends on the variable order. The i-th component of the vector
+  depends only on the first i variables in the order.  Each BDD in the vector
+  is not larger than the BDD of the given characteristic function.  This
+  function is based on the description of char-to-vect in "Verification of
+  Sequential Machines Using Boolean Functional Vectors" by O. Coudert, C.
+  Berthet and J. C. Madre.
+  Returns a pointer to an array containing the result if successful; NULL
+  otherwise. The size of the array equals the number of variables in the
+  manager. The components of the solution have their reference counts 
+  already incremented (unlike the results of most other functions in 
+  the package.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddConstrain]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode **
+Cudd_bddCharToVect(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f)
+{
+    int i, j;
+    DdNode **vect;
+    DdNode *res = NULL;
+
+    if (f == Cudd_Not(DD_ONE(dd))) return(NULL);
+
+    vect = ALLOC(DdNode *, dd->size);
+    if (vect == NULL) {
+    dd->errorCode = CUDD_MEMORY_OUT;
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+
+    do {
+    dd->reordered = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < dd->size; i++) {
+        res = cuddBddCharToVect(dd,f,dd->vars[dd->invperm[i]]);
+        if (res == NULL) {
+        /* Clean up the vector array in case reordering took place. */
+        for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+            Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, vect[dd->invperm[j]]);
+        }
+        break;
+        }
+        cuddRef(res);
+        vect[dd->invperm[i]] = res;
+    }
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    if (res == NULL) {
+    FREE(vect);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    return(vect);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_bddCharToVect */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs safe minimization of a BDD.]
+
+  Description [Performs safe minimization of a BDD. Given the BDD
+  <code>f</code> of a function to be minimized and a BDD
+  <code>c</code> representing the care set, Cudd_bddLICompaction
+  produces the BDD of a function that agrees with <code>f</code>
+  wherever <code>c</code> is 1.  Safe minimization means that the size
+  of the result is guaranteed not to exceed the size of
+  <code>f</code>. This function is based on the DAC97 paper by Hong et
+  al..  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL
+  otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddRestrict]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_bddLICompaction(
+  DdManager * dd /* manager */,
+  DdNode * f /* function to be minimized */,
+  DdNode * c /* constraint (care set) */)
+{
+    DdNode *res;
+
+    do {
+    dd->reordered = 0;
+    res = cuddBddLICompaction(dd,f,c);
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_bddLICompaction */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Finds a small BDD in a function interval.]
+
+  Description [Finds a small BDD in a function interval. Given BDDs
+  <code>l</code> and <code>u</code>, representing the lower bound and
+  upper bound of a function interval, Cudd_bddSqueeze produces the BDD
+  of a function within the interval with a small BDD.  Returns a
+  pointer to the result if successful; NULL otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddRestrict Cudd_bddLICompaction]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_bddSqueeze(
+  DdManager * dd /* manager */,
+  DdNode * l /* lower bound */,
+  DdNode * u /* upper bound */)
+{
+    DdNode *res;
+    int sizeRes, sizeL, sizeU;
+
+    do {
+    dd->reordered = 0;
+    res = cuddBddSqueeze(dd,l,u);
+    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
+    if (res == NULL) return(NULL);
+    /* We now compare the result with the bounds and return the smallest.
+    ** We first compare to u, so that in case l == 0 and u == 1, we return
+    ** 0 as in other minimization algorithms. */
+    sizeRes = Cudd_DagSize(res);
+    sizeU = Cudd_DagSize(u);
+    if (sizeU <= sizeRes) {
+    cuddRef(res);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,res);
+    res = u;
+    sizeRes = sizeU;
+    }
+    sizeL = Cudd_DagSize(l);
+    if (sizeL <= sizeRes) {
+    cuddRef(res);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,res);
+    res = l;
+    sizeRes = sizeL;
+    }
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_bddSqueeze */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Finds a small BDD that agrees with <code>f</code> over
+  <code>c</code>.]
+
+  Description [Finds a small BDD that agrees with <code>f</code> over
+  <code>c</code>.  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL
+  otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddRestrict Cudd_bddLICompaction Cudd_bddSqueeze]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_bddMinimize(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode *cplus, *res;
+
+    if (c == Cudd_Not(DD_ONE(dd))) return(c);
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f)) return(f);
+    if (f == c) return(DD_ONE(dd));
+    if (f == Cudd_Not(c)) return(Cudd_Not(DD_ONE(dd)));
+
+    cplus = Cudd_RemapOverApprox(dd,c,0,0,1.0);
+    if (cplus == NULL) return(NULL);
+    cuddRef(cplus);
+    res = Cudd_bddLICompaction(dd,f,cplus);
+    if (res == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,cplus);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(res);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,cplus);
+    cuddDeref(res);
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_bddMinimize */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Find a dense subset of BDD <code>f</code>.]
+
+  Description [Finds a dense subset of BDD <code>f</code>. Density is
+  the ratio of number of minterms to number of nodes.  Uses several
+  techniques in series. It is more expensive than other subsetting
+  procedures, but often produces better results. See
+  Cudd_SubsetShortPaths for a description of the threshold and nvars
+  parameters.  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL
+  otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_SubsetRemap Cudd_SubsetShortPaths Cudd_SubsetHeavyBranch
+  Cudd_bddSqueeze]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_SubsetCompress(
+  DdManager * dd /* manager */,
+  DdNode * f /* BDD whose subset is sought */,
+  int  nvars /* number of variables in the support of f */,
+  int  threshold /* maximum number of nodes in the subset */)
+{
+    DdNode *res, *tmp1, *tmp2;
+
+    tmp1 = Cudd_SubsetShortPaths(dd, f, nvars, threshold, 0);
+    if (tmp1 == NULL) return(NULL);
+    cuddRef(tmp1);
+    tmp2 = Cudd_RemapUnderApprox(dd,tmp1,nvars,0,1.0);
+    if (tmp2 == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,tmp1);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(tmp2);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,tmp1);
+    res = Cudd_bddSqueeze(dd,tmp2,f);
+    if (res == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,tmp2);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(res);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,tmp2);
+    cuddDeref(res);
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of Cudd_SubsetCompress */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Find a dense superset of BDD <code>f</code>.]
+
+  Description [Finds a dense superset of BDD <code>f</code>. Density is
+  the ratio of number of minterms to number of nodes.  Uses several
+  techniques in series. It is more expensive than other supersetting
+  procedures, but often produces better results. See
+  Cudd_SupersetShortPaths for a description of the threshold and nvars
+  parameters.  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL
+  otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_SubsetCompress Cudd_SupersetRemap Cudd_SupersetShortPaths
+  Cudd_SupersetHeavyBranch Cudd_bddSqueeze]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+Cudd_SupersetCompress(
+  DdManager * dd /* manager */,
+  DdNode * f /* BDD whose superset is sought */,
+  int  nvars /* number of variables in the support of f */,
+  int  threshold /* maximum number of nodes in the superset */)
+{
+    DdNode *subset;
+
+    subset = Cudd_SubsetCompress(dd, Cudd_Not(f),nvars,threshold);
+
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(subset, (subset != NULL)));
+
+} /* end of Cudd_SupersetCompress */
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Definition of internal functions                                          */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddConstrain.]
+
+  Description [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddConstrain.
+  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddConstrain]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+cuddBddConstrainRecur(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode       *Fv, *Fnv, *Cv, *Cnv, *t, *e, *r;
+    DdNode     *one, *zero;
+    unsigned int topf, topc;
+    int         index;
+    int          comple = 0;
+
+    statLine(dd);
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = Cudd_Not(one);
+
+    /* Trivial cases. */
+    if (c == one)        return(f);
+    if (c == zero)        return(zero);
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f))    return(f);
+    if (f == c)            return(one);
+    if (f == Cudd_Not(c))    return(zero);
+
+    /* Make canonical to increase the utilization of the cache. */
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(f)) {
+    f = Cudd_Not(f);
+    comple = 1;
+    }
+    /* Now f is a regular pointer to a non-constant node; c is also
+    ** non-constant, but may be complemented.
+    */
+
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    r = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, Cudd_bddConstrain, f, c);
+    if (r != NULL) {
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+    
+    /* Recursive step. */
+    topf = dd->perm[f->index];
+    topc = dd->perm[Cudd_Regular(c)->index];
+    if (topf <= topc) {
+    index = f->index;
+    Fv = cuddT(f); Fnv = cuddE(f);
+    } else {
+    index = Cudd_Regular(c)->index;
+    Fv = Fnv = f;
+    }
+    if (topc <= topf) {
+    Cv = cuddT(Cudd_Regular(c)); Cnv = cuddE(Cudd_Regular(c));
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(c)) {
+        Cv = Cudd_Not(Cv);
+        Cnv = Cudd_Not(Cnv);
+    }
+    } else {
+    Cv = Cnv = c;
+    }
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cv)) {
+    t = cuddBddConstrainRecur(dd, Fv, Cv);
+    if (t == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    } else if (Cv == one) {
+    t = Fv;
+    } else {        /* Cv == zero: return Fnv @ Cnv */
+    if (Cnv == one) {
+        r = Fnv;
+    } else {
+        r = cuddBddConstrainRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+        if (r == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+    cuddRef(t);
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cnv)) {
+    e = cuddBddConstrainRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+    if (e == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    } else if (Cnv == one) {
+    e = Fnv;
+    } else {        /* Cnv == zero: return Fv @ Cv previously computed */
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(t,comple));
+    }
+    cuddRef(e);
+
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(t)) {
+    t = Cudd_Not(t);
+    e = Cudd_Not(e);
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    r = Cudd_Not(r);
+    } else {
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    }
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    cuddDeref(e);
+
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_bddConstrain, f, c, r);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+
+} /* end of cuddBddConstrainRecur */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddRestrict.]
+
+  Description [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddRestrict.
+  Returns the restricted BDD if successful; otherwise NULL.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddRestrict]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+cuddBddRestrictRecur(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode     *Fv, *Fnv, *Cv, *Cnv, *t, *e, *r, *one, *zero;
+    unsigned int topf, topc;
+    int         index;
+    int         comple = 0;
+
+    statLine(dd);
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = Cudd_Not(one);
+
+    /* Trivial cases */
+    if (c == one)        return(f);
+    if (c == zero)        return(zero);
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f))    return(f);
+    if (f == c)            return(one);
+    if (f == Cudd_Not(c))    return(zero);
+
+    /* Make canonical to increase the utilization of the cache. */
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(f)) {
+    f = Cudd_Not(f);
+    comple = 1;
+    }
+    /* Now f is a regular pointer to a non-constant node; c is also
+    ** non-constant, but may be complemented.
+    */
+
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    r = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, Cudd_bddRestrict, f, c);
+    if (r != NULL) {
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+
+    topf = dd->perm[f->index];
+    topc = dd->perm[Cudd_Regular(c)->index];
+
+    if (topc < topf) {    /* abstract top variable from c */
+    DdNode *d, *s1, *s2;
+
+    /* Find complements of cofactors of c. */
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(c)) {
+        s1 = cuddT(Cudd_Regular(c));
+        s2 = cuddE(Cudd_Regular(c));
+    } else {
+        s1 = Cudd_Not(cuddT(c));
+        s2 = Cudd_Not(cuddE(c));
+    }
+    /* Take the OR by applying DeMorgan. */
+    d = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, s1, s2);
+    if (d == NULL) return(NULL);
+    d = Cudd_Not(d);
+    cuddRef(d);
+    r = cuddBddRestrictRecur(dd, f, d);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, d);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(r);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, d);
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_bddRestrict, f, c, r);
+    cuddDeref(r);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+
+    /* Recursive step. Here topf <= topc. */
+    index = f->index;
+    Fv = cuddT(f); Fnv = cuddE(f);
+    if (topc == topf) {
+    Cv = cuddT(Cudd_Regular(c)); Cnv = cuddE(Cudd_Regular(c));
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(c)) {
+        Cv = Cudd_Not(Cv);
+        Cnv = Cudd_Not(Cnv);
+    }
+    } else {
+    Cv = Cnv = c;
+    }
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cv)) {
+    t = cuddBddRestrictRecur(dd, Fv, Cv);
+    if (t == NULL) return(NULL);
+    } else if (Cv == one) {
+    t = Fv;
+    } else {        /* Cv == zero: return(Fnv @ Cnv) */
+    if (Cnv == one) {
+        r = Fnv;
+    } else {
+        r = cuddBddRestrictRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+        if (r == NULL) return(NULL);
+    }
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+    cuddRef(t);
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cnv)) {
+    e = cuddBddRestrictRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+    if (e == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    } else if (Cnv == one) {
+    e = Fnv;
+    } else {        /* Cnv == zero: return (Fv @ Cv) previously computed */
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(t,comple));
+    }
+    cuddRef(e);
+
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(t)) {
+    t = Cudd_Not(t);
+    e = Cudd_Not(e);
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    r = Cudd_Not(r);
+    } else {
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    }
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    cuddDeref(e);
+
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_bddRestrict, f, c, r);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+
+} /* end of cuddBddRestrictRecur */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_addConstrain.]
+
+  Description [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_addConstrain.
+  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_addConstrain]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+cuddAddConstrainRecur(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode       *Fv, *Fnv, *Cv, *Cnv, *t, *e, *r;
+    DdNode     *one, *zero;
+    unsigned int topf, topc;
+    int         index;
+
+    statLine(dd);
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = DD_ZERO(dd);
+
+    /* Trivial cases. */
+    if (c == one)        return(f);
+    if (c == zero)        return(zero);
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f))    return(f);
+    if (f == c)            return(one);
+
+    /* Now f and c are non-constant. */
+
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    r = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, Cudd_addConstrain, f, c);
+    if (r != NULL) {
+    return(r);
+    }
+    
+    /* Recursive step. */
+    topf = dd->perm[f->index];
+    topc = dd->perm[c->index];
+    if (topf <= topc) {
+    index = f->index;
+    Fv = cuddT(f); Fnv = cuddE(f);
+    } else {
+    index = c->index;
+    Fv = Fnv = f;
+    }
+    if (topc <= topf) {
+    Cv = cuddT(c); Cnv = cuddE(c);
+    } else {
+    Cv = Cnv = c;
+    }
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cv)) {
+    t = cuddAddConstrainRecur(dd, Fv, Cv);
+    if (t == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    } else if (Cv == one) {
+    t = Fv;
+    } else {        /* Cv == zero: return Fnv @ Cnv */
+    if (Cnv == one) {
+        r = Fnv;
+    } else {
+        r = cuddAddConstrainRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+        if (r == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    return(r);
+    }
+    cuddRef(t);
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cnv)) {
+    e = cuddAddConstrainRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+    if (e == NULL) {
+        Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    } else if (Cnv == one) {
+    e = Fnv;
+    } else {        /* Cnv == zero: return Fv @ Cv previously computed */
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    return(t);
+    }
+    cuddRef(e);
+
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, e);
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, t);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    cuddDeref(e);
+
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_addConstrain, f, c, r);
+    return(r);
+
+} /* end of cuddAddConstrainRecur */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_addRestrict.]
+
+  Description [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_addRestrict.
+  Returns the restricted ADD if successful; otherwise NULL.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_addRestrict]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+cuddAddRestrictRecur(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c)
+{
+    DdNode     *Fv, *Fnv, *Cv, *Cnv, *t, *e, *r, *one, *zero;
+    unsigned int topf, topc;
+    int         index;
+
+    statLine(dd);
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = DD_ZERO(dd);
+
+    /* Trivial cases */
+    if (c == one)        return(f);
+    if (c == zero)        return(zero);
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f))    return(f);
+    if (f == c)            return(one);
+
+    /* Now f and c are non-constant. */
+
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    r = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, Cudd_addRestrict, f, c);
+    if (r != NULL) {
+    return(r);
+    }
+
+    topf = dd->perm[f->index];
+    topc = dd->perm[c->index];
+
+    if (topc < topf) {    /* abstract top variable from c */
+    DdNode *d, *s1, *s2;
+
+    /* Find cofactors of c. */
+    s1 = cuddT(c);
+    s2 = cuddE(c);
+    /* Take the OR by applying DeMorgan. */
+    d = cuddAddApplyRecur(dd, Cudd_addOr, s1, s2);
+    if (d == NULL) return(NULL);
+    cuddRef(d);
+    r = cuddAddRestrictRecur(dd, f, d);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, d);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(r);
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, d);
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_addRestrict, f, c, r);
+    cuddDeref(r);
+    return(r);
+    }
+
+    /* Recursive step. Here topf <= topc. */
+    index = f->index;
+    Fv = cuddT(f); Fnv = cuddE(f);
+    if (topc == topf) {
+    Cv = cuddT(c); Cnv = cuddE(c);
+    } else {
+    Cv = Cnv = c;
+    }
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cv)) {
+    t = cuddAddRestrictRecur(dd, Fv, Cv);
+    if (t == NULL) return(NULL);
+    } else if (Cv == one) {
+    t = Fv;
+    } else {        /* Cv == zero: return(Fnv @ Cnv) */
+    if (Cnv == one) {
+        r = Fnv;
+    } else {
+        r = cuddAddRestrictRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+        if (r == NULL) return(NULL);
+    }
+    return(r);
+    }
+    cuddRef(t);
+
+    if (!Cudd_IsConstant(Cnv)) {
+    e = cuddAddRestrictRecur(dd, Fnv, Cnv);
+    if (e == NULL) {
+        Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    } else if (Cnv == one) {
+    e = Fnv;
+    } else {        /* Cnv == zero: return (Fv @ Cv) previously computed */
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    return(t);
+    }
+    cuddRef(e);
+
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, e);
+    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, t);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    cuddDeref(e);
+
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_addRestrict, f, c, r);
+    return(r);
+
+} /* end of cuddAddRestrictRecur */
+
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs safe minimization of a BDD.]
+
+  Description [Performs safe minimization of a BDD. Given the BDD
+  <code>f</code> of a function to be minimized and a BDD
+  <code>c</code> representing the care set, Cudd_bddLICompaction
+  produces the BDD of a function that agrees with <code>f</code>
+  wherever <code>c</code> is 1.  Safe minimization means that the size
+  of the result is guaranteed not to exceed the size of
+  <code>f</code>. This function is based on the DAC97 paper by Hong et
+  al..  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL
+  otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddLICompaction]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+DdNode *
+cuddBddLICompaction(
+  DdManager * dd /* manager */,
+  DdNode * f /* function to be minimized */,
+  DdNode * c /* constraint (care set) */)
+{
+    st_table *marktable, *markcache, *buildcache;
+    DdNode *res, *zero;
+
+    zero = Cudd_Not(DD_ONE(dd));
+    if (c == zero) return(zero);
+
+    /* We need to use local caches for both steps of this operation.
+    ** The results of the edge marking step are only valid as long as the
+    ** edge markings themselves are available. However, the edge markings
+    ** are lost at the end of one invocation of Cudd_bddLICompaction.
+    ** Hence, the cache entries for the edge marking step must be
+    ** invalidated at the end of this function.
+    ** For the result of the building step we argue as follows. The result
+    ** for a node and a given constrain depends on the BDD in which the node
+    ** appears. Hence, the same node and constrain may give different results
+    ** in successive invocations.
+    */
+    marktable = st_init_table(st_ptrcmp,st_ptrhash);
+    if (marktable == NULL) {
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    markcache = st_init_table(MarkCacheCompare,MarkCacheHash);
+    if (markcache == NULL) {
+    st_free_table(marktable);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    if (cuddBddLICMarkEdges(dd,f,c,marktable,markcache) == CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM) {
+    st_foreach(markcache, MarkCacheCleanUp, NULL);
+    st_free_table(marktable);
+    st_free_table(markcache);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    st_foreach(markcache, MarkCacheCleanUp, NULL);
+    st_free_table(markcache);
+    buildcache = st_init_table(st_ptrcmp,st_ptrhash);
+    if (buildcache == NULL) {
+    st_free_table(marktable);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    res = cuddBddLICBuildResult(dd,f,buildcache,marktable);
+    st_free_table(buildcache);
+    st_free_table(marktable);
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of cuddBddLICompaction */
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Definition of static functions                                            */
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddConstrainDecomp.]
+
+  Description [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddConstrainDecomp.
+  Returns f super (i) if successful; otherwise NULL.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddConstrainDecomp]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static int
+cuddBddConstrainDecomp(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode ** decomp)
+{
+    DdNode *F, *fv, *fvn;
+    DdNode *fAbs;
+    DdNode *result;
+    int ok;
+
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f)) return(1);
+    /* Compute complements of cofactors. */
+    F = Cudd_Regular(f);
+    fv = cuddT(F);
+    fvn = cuddE(F);
+    if (F == f) {
+    fv = Cudd_Not(fv);
+    fvn = Cudd_Not(fvn);
+    }
+    /* Compute abstraction of top variable. */
+    fAbs = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, fv, fvn);
+    if (fAbs == NULL) {
+    return(0);
+    }
+    cuddRef(fAbs);
+    fAbs = Cudd_Not(fAbs);
+    /* Recursively find the next abstraction and the components of the
+    ** decomposition. */
+    ok = cuddBddConstrainDecomp(dd, fAbs, decomp);
+    if (ok == 0) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,fAbs);
+    return(0);
+    }
+    /* Compute the component of the decomposition corresponding to the
+    ** top variable and store it in the decomposition array. */
+    result = cuddBddConstrainRecur(dd, f, fAbs);
+    if (result == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,fAbs);
+    return(0);
+    }
+    cuddRef(result);
+    decomp[F->index] = result;
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, fAbs);
+    return(1);
+
+} /* end of cuddBddConstrainDecomp */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddCharToVect.]
+
+  Description [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddCharToVect.
+  This function maintains the invariant that f is non-zero.
+  Returns the i-th component of the vector if successful; otherwise NULL.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddCharToVect]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static DdNode *
+cuddBddCharToVect(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * x)
+{
+    unsigned int topf;
+    unsigned int level;
+    int comple;
+
+    DdNode *one, *zero, *res, *F, *fT, *fE, *T, *E;
+
+    statLine(dd);
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    res = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, cuddBddCharToVect, f, x);
+    if (res != NULL) {
+    return(res);
+    }
+
+    F = Cudd_Regular(f);
+
+    topf = cuddI(dd,F->index);
+    level = dd->perm[x->index];
+
+    if (topf > level) return(x);
+
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = Cudd_Not(one);
+
+    comple = F != f;
+    fT = Cudd_NotCond(cuddT(F),comple);
+    fE = Cudd_NotCond(cuddE(F),comple);
+
+    if (topf == level) {
+    if (fT == zero) return(zero);
+    if (fE == zero) return(one);
+    return(x);
+    }
+
+    /* Here topf < level. */
+    if (fT == zero) return(cuddBddCharToVect(dd, fE, x));
+    if (fE == zero) return(cuddBddCharToVect(dd, fT, x));
+
+    T = cuddBddCharToVect(dd, fT, x);
+    if (T == NULL) {
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(T);
+    E = cuddBddCharToVect(dd, fE, x);
+    if (E == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,T);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(E);
+    res = cuddBddIteRecur(dd, dd->vars[F->index], T, E);
+    if (res == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,T);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,E);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddDeref(T);
+    cuddDeref(E);
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, cuddBddCharToVect, f, x, res);
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of cuddBddCharToVect */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the edge marking step of Cudd_bddLICompaction.]
+
+  Description [Performs the edge marking step of Cudd_bddLICompaction.
+  Returns the LUB of the markings of the two outgoing edges of <code>f</code>
+  if successful; otherwise CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddLICompaction cuddBddLICBuildResult]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static int
+cuddBddLICMarkEdges(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  DdNode * c,
+  st_table * table,
+  st_table * cache)
+{
+    DdNode *Fv, *Fnv, *Cv, *Cnv;
+    DdNode *one, *zero;
+    unsigned int topf, topc;
+    int    index;
+    int comple;
+    int resT, resE, res, retval;
+    char **slot;
+    MarkCacheKey *key;
+
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = Cudd_Not(one);
+
+    /* Terminal cases. */
+    if (c == zero) return(DD_LIC_DC);
+    if (f == one)  return(DD_LIC_1);
+    if (f == zero) return(DD_LIC_0);
+
+    /* Make canonical to increase the utilization of the cache. */
+    comple = Cudd_IsComplement(f);
+    f = Cudd_Regular(f);
+    /* Now f is a regular pointer to a non-constant node; c may be
+    ** constant, or it may be complemented.
+    */
+
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    key = ALLOC(MarkCacheKey, 1);
+    if (key == NULL) {
+    dd->errorCode = CUDD_MEMORY_OUT;
+    return(CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM);
+    }
+    key->f = f; key->c = c;
+    if (st_lookup(cache, (char *)key, (char **)&res)) {
+    FREE(key);
+    if (comple) {
+        if (res == DD_LIC_0) res = DD_LIC_1;
+        else if (res == DD_LIC_1) res = DD_LIC_0;
+    }
+    return(res);
+    }
+
+    /* Recursive step. */
+    topf = dd->perm[f->index];
+    topc = cuddI(dd,Cudd_Regular(c)->index);
+    if (topf <= topc) {
+    index = f->index;
+    Fv = cuddT(f); Fnv = cuddE(f);
+    } else {
+    index = Cudd_Regular(c)->index;
+    Fv = Fnv = f;
+    }
+    if (topc <= topf) {
+    /* We know that c is not constant because f is not. */
+    Cv = cuddT(Cudd_Regular(c)); Cnv = cuddE(Cudd_Regular(c));
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(c)) {
+        Cv = Cudd_Not(Cv);
+        Cnv = Cudd_Not(Cnv);
+    }
+    } else {
+    Cv = Cnv = c;
+    }
+
+    resT = cuddBddLICMarkEdges(dd, Fv, Cv, table, cache);
+    if (resT == CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM) {
+    FREE(key);
+    return(CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM);
+    }
+    resE = cuddBddLICMarkEdges(dd, Fnv, Cnv, table, cache);
+    if (resE == CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM) {
+    FREE(key);
+    return(CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM);
+    }
+
+    /* Update edge markings. */
+    if (topf <= topc) {
+    retval = st_find_or_add(table, (char *)f, (char ***)&slot);
+    if (retval == 0) {
+        *slot = (char *) (ptrint)((resT << 2) | resE);
+    } else if (retval == 1) {
+        *slot = (char *) (ptrint)((int)((ptrint) *slot) | (resT << 2) | resE);
+    } else {
+        FREE(key);
+        return(CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM);
+    }
+    }
+
+    /* Cache result. */
+    res = resT | resE;
+    if (st_insert(cache, (char *)key, (char *)(ptrint)res) == ST_OUT_OF_MEM) {
+    FREE(key);
+    return(CUDD_OUT_OF_MEM);
+    }
+
+    /* Take into account possible complementation. */
+    if (comple) {
+    if (res == DD_LIC_0) res = DD_LIC_1;
+    else if (res == DD_LIC_1) res = DD_LIC_0;
+    }
+    return(res);
+
+} /* end of cuddBddLICMarkEdges */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Builds the result of Cudd_bddLICompaction.]
+
+  Description [Builds the results of Cudd_bddLICompaction.
+  Returns a pointer to the minimized BDD if successful; otherwise NULL.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddLICompaction cuddBddLICMarkEdges]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static DdNode *
+cuddBddLICBuildResult(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * f,
+  st_table * cache,
+  st_table * table)
+{
+    DdNode *Fv, *Fnv, *r, *t, *e;
+    DdNode *one, *zero;
+    unsigned int topf;
+    int    index;
+    int comple;
+    int markT, markE, markings;
+
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = Cudd_Not(one);
+
+    if (Cudd_IsConstant(f)) return(f);
+    /* Make canonical to increase the utilization of the cache. */
+    comple = Cudd_IsComplement(f);
+    f = Cudd_Regular(f);
+
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    if (st_lookup(cache, (char *)f, (char **)&r)) {
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+
+    /* Retrieve the edge markings. */
+    if (st_lookup(table, (char *)f, (char **)&markings) == 0)
+    return(NULL);
+    markT = markings >> 2;
+    markE = markings & 3;
+
+    topf = dd->perm[f->index];
+    index = f->index;
+    Fv = cuddT(f); Fnv = cuddE(f);
+
+    if (markT == DD_LIC_NL) {
+    t = cuddBddLICBuildResult(dd,Fv,cache,table);
+    if (t == NULL) {
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    } else if (markT == DD_LIC_1) {
+    t = one;
+    } else {
+    t = zero;
+    }
+    cuddRef(t);
+    if (markE == DD_LIC_NL) {
+    e = cuddBddLICBuildResult(dd,Fnv,cache,table);
+    if (e == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    } else if (markE == DD_LIC_1) {
+    e = one;
+    } else {
+    e = zero;
+    }
+    cuddRef(e);
+
+    if (markT == DD_LIC_DC && markE != DD_LIC_DC) {
+    r = e;
+    } else if (markT != DD_LIC_DC && markE == DD_LIC_DC) {
+    r = t;
+    } else {
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(t)) {
+        t = Cudd_Not(t);
+        e = Cudd_Not(e);
+        r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+        if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+        }
+        r = Cudd_Not(r);
+    } else {
+        r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+        if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    }
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    cuddDeref(e);
+
+    if (st_insert(cache, (char *)f, (char *)r) == ST_OUT_OF_MEM) {
+    cuddRef(r);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,r);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+
+} /* end of cuddBddLICBuildResult */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Hash function for the computed table of cuddBddLICMarkEdges.]
+
+  Description [Hash function for the computed table of
+  cuddBddLICMarkEdges.  Returns the bucket number.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddLICompaction]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static int
+MarkCacheHash(
+  char * ptr,
+  int  modulus)
+{
+    int val = 0;
+    MarkCacheKey *entry;
+
+    entry = (MarkCacheKey *) ptr;
+
+    val = (int) (ptrint) entry->f;
+    val = val * 997 + (int) (ptrint) entry->c;
+
+    return ((val < 0) ? -val : val) % modulus;
+
+} /* end of MarkCacheHash */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Comparison function for the computed table of
+  cuddBddLICMarkEdges.]
+
+  Description [Comparison function for the computed table of
+  cuddBddLICMarkEdges. Returns 0 if the two nodes of the key are equal; 1
+  otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddLICompaction]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static int
+MarkCacheCompare(
+  const char * ptr1,
+  const char * ptr2)
+{
+    MarkCacheKey *entry1, *entry2;
+
+    entry1 = (MarkCacheKey *) ptr1;
+    entry2 = (MarkCacheKey *) ptr2;
+    
+    return((entry1->f != entry2->f) || (entry1->c != entry2->c));
+
+} /* end of MarkCacheCompare */
+
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Frees memory associated with computed table of
+  cuddBddLICMarkEdges.]
+
+  Description [Frees memory associated with computed table of
+  cuddBddLICMarkEdges. Returns ST_CONTINUE.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddLICompaction]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static enum st_retval
+MarkCacheCleanUp(
+  char * key,
+  char * value,
+  char * arg)
+{
+    MarkCacheKey *entry;
+
+    entry = (MarkCacheKey *) key;
+    FREE(entry);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+
+} /* end of MarkCacheCleanUp */
+
+
+/**Function********************************************************************
+
+  Synopsis    [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddSqueeze.]
+
+  Description [Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddSqueeze.  This
+  procedure exploits the fact that if we complement and swap the
+  bounds of the interval we obtain a valid solution by taking the
+  complement of the solution to the original problem. Therefore, we
+  can enforce the condition that the upper bound is always regular.
+  Returns a pointer to the result if successful; NULL otherwise.]
+
+  SideEffects [None]
+
+  SeeAlso     [Cudd_bddSqueeze]
+
+******************************************************************************/
+static DdNode *
+cuddBddSqueeze(
+  DdManager * dd,
+  DdNode * l,
+  DdNode * u)
+{
+    DdNode *one, *zero, *r, *lt, *le, *ut, *ue, *t, *e;
+#if 0
+    DdNode *ar;
+#endif
+    int comple = 0;
+    unsigned int topu, topl;
+    int index;
+
+    statLine(dd);
+    if (l == u) {
+    return(l);
+    }
+    one = DD_ONE(dd);
+    zero = Cudd_Not(one);
+    /* The only case when l == zero && u == one is at the top level,
+    ** where returning either one or zero is OK. In all other cases
+    ** the procedure will detect such a case and will perform
+    ** remapping. Therefore the order in which we test l and u at this
+    ** point is immaterial. */
+    if (l == zero) return(l);
+    if (u == one)  return(u);
+
+    /* Make canonical to increase the utilization of the cache. */
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(u)) {
+    DdNode *temp;
+    temp = Cudd_Not(l);
+    l = Cudd_Not(u);
+    u = temp;
+    comple = 1;
+    }
+    /* At this point u is regular and non-constant; l is non-constant, but
+    ** may be complemented. */
+
+    /* Here we could check the relative sizes. */
+
+    /* Check the cache. */
+    r = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, Cudd_bddSqueeze, l, u);
+    if (r != NULL) {
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+
+    /* Recursive step. */
+    topu = dd->perm[u->index];
+    topl = dd->perm[Cudd_Regular(l)->index];
+    if (topu <= topl) {
+    index = u->index;
+    ut = cuddT(u); ue = cuddE(u);
+    } else {
+    index = Cudd_Regular(l)->index;
+    ut = ue = u;
+    }
+    if (topl <= topu) {
+    lt = cuddT(Cudd_Regular(l)); le = cuddE(Cudd_Regular(l));
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(l)) {
+        lt = Cudd_Not(lt);
+        le = Cudd_Not(le);
+    }
+    } else {
+    lt = le = l;
+    }
+
+    /* If one interval is contained in the other, use the smaller
+    ** interval. This corresponds to one-sided matching. */
+    if ((lt == zero || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,lt,le)) &&
+    (ut == one  || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,ue,ut))) { /* remap */
+    r = cuddBddSqueeze(dd, le, ue);
+    if (r == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    } else if ((le == zero || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,le,lt)) &&
+           (ue == one  || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,ut,ue))) { /* remap */
+    r = cuddBddSqueeze(dd, lt, ut);
+    if (r == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    } else if ((le == zero || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,le,Cudd_Not(ut))) &&
+           (ue == one  || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,Cudd_Not(lt),ue))) { /* c-remap */
+    t = cuddBddSqueeze(dd, lt, ut);
+    cuddRef(t);
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(t)) {
+        r = cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, Cudd_Not(t), t);
+        if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+        }
+        r = Cudd_Not(r);
+    } else {
+        r = cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, Cudd_Not(t));
+        if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    if (r == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_bddSqueeze, l, u, r);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    } else if ((lt == zero || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,lt,Cudd_Not(ue))) &&
+           (ut == one  || Cudd_bddLeq(dd,Cudd_Not(le),ut))) { /* c-remap */
+    e = cuddBddSqueeze(dd, le, ue);
+    cuddRef(e);
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(e)) {
+        r = cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, Cudd_Not(e), e);
+        if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        return(NULL);
+        }
+    } else {
+        r = cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, e, Cudd_Not(e));
+        if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        return(NULL);
+        }
+        r = Cudd_Not(r);
+    }
+    cuddDeref(e);
+    if (r == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_bddSqueeze, l, u, r);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+    }
+
+#if 0
+    /* If the two intervals intersect, take a solution from
+    ** the intersection of the intervals. This guarantees that the
+    ** splitting variable will not appear in the result.
+    ** This approach corresponds to two-sided matching, and is very
+    ** expensive. */
+    if (Cudd_bddLeq(dd,lt,ue) && Cudd_bddLeq(dd,le,ut)) {
+    DdNode *au, *al;
+    au = cuddBddAndRecur(dd,ut,ue);
+    if (au == NULL)
+        return(NULL);
+    cuddRef(au);
+    al = cuddBddAndRecur(dd,Cudd_Not(lt),Cudd_Not(le));
+    if (al == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,au);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(al);
+    al = Cudd_Not(al);
+    ar = cuddBddSqueeze(dd, al, au);
+    if (ar == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,au);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,al);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(ar);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,au);
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,al);
+    } else {
+    ar = NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    t = cuddBddSqueeze(dd, lt, ut);
+    if (t == NULL) {
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(t);
+    e = cuddBddSqueeze(dd, le, ue);
+    if (e == NULL) {
+    Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd,t);
+    return(NULL);
+    }
+    cuddRef(e);
+
+    if (Cudd_IsComplement(t)) {
+    t = Cudd_Not(t);
+    e = Cudd_Not(e);
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    r = Cudd_Not(r);
+    } else {
+    r = (t == e) ? t : cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, t, e);
+    if (r == NULL) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, e);
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, t);
+        return(NULL);
+    }
+    }
+    cuddDeref(t);
+    cuddDeref(e);
+
+#if 0
+    /* Check whether there is a result obtained by abstraction and whether
+    ** it is better than the one obtained by recursion. */
+    cuddRef(r);
+    if (ar != NULL) {
+    if (Cudd_DagSize(ar) <= Cudd_DagSize(r)) {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, r);
+        r = ar;
+    } else {
+        Cudd_IterDerefBdd(dd, ar);
+    }
+    }
+    cuddDeref(r);
+#endif
+
+    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, Cudd_bddSqueeze, l, u, r);
+    return(Cudd_NotCond(r,comple));
+
+} /* end of cuddBddSqueeze */