/* ChibiOS/RT - Copyright (C) 2006,2007,2008,2009,2010, 2011 Giovanni Di Sirio. This file is part of ChibiOS/RT. ChibiOS/RT is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ChibiOS/RT is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . */ /** * @file templates/halconf.h * @brief HAL configuration header. * @details HAL configuration file, this file allows to enable or disable the * various device drivers from your application. You may also use * this file in order to override the device drivers default settings. * * @addtogroup HAL_CONF * @{ */ #ifndef _HALCONF_H_ #define _HALCONF_H_ /*#include "mcuconf.h"*/ /** * @brief Enables the PAL subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_PAL) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_PAL FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the ADC subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_ADC) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_ADC FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the CAN subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_CAN) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_CAN FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the EXT subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_EXT) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_EXT FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the GPT subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_GPT) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_GPT FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the I2C subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_I2C) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_I2C FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the ICU subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_ICU) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_ICU FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the MAC subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_MAC) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_MAC FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the MMC_SPI subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_MMC_SPI) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_MMC_SPI FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the PWM subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_PWM) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_PWM FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the SDC subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_SDC) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_SDC FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the SERIAL subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_SERIAL) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_SERIAL FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the SERIAL over USB subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_SERIAL_USB) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_SERIAL_USB FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the SPI subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_SPI) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_SPI FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the UART subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_UART) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_UART FALSE #endif /** * @brief Enables the USB subsystem. */ #if !defined(HAL_USE_USB) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define HAL_USE_USB FALSE #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* ADC driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Enables synchronous APIs. * @note Disabling this option saves both code and data space. */ #if !defined(ADC_USE_WAIT) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define ADC_USE_WAIT TRUE #endif /** * @brief Enables the @p adcAcquireBus() and @p adcReleaseBus() APIs. * @note Disabling this option saves both code and data space. */ #if !defined(ADC_USE_MUTUAL_EXCLUSION) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define ADC_USE_MUTUAL_EXCLUSION TRUE #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* CAN driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Sleep mode related APIs inclusion switch. */ #if !defined(CAN_USE_SLEEP_MODE) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define CAN_USE_SLEEP_MODE TRUE #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* I2C driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Enables the mutual exclusion APIs on the I2C bus. */ #if !defined(I2C_USE_MUTUAL_EXCLUSION) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define I2C_USE_MUTUAL_EXCLUSION TRUE #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* MAC driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Enables an event sources for incoming packets. */ #if !defined(MAC_USE_EVENTS) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define MAC_USE_EVENTS TRUE #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* MMC_SPI driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Block size for MMC transfers. */ #if !defined(MMC_SECTOR_SIZE) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define MMC_SECTOR_SIZE 512 #endif /** * @brief Delays insertions. * @details If enabled this options inserts delays into the MMC waiting * routines releasing some extra CPU time for the threads with * lower priority, this may slow down the driver a bit however. * This option is recommended also if the SPI driver does not * use a DMA channel and heavily loads the CPU. */ #if !defined(MMC_NICE_WAITING) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define MMC_NICE_WAITING TRUE #endif /** * @brief Number of positive insertion queries before generating the * insertion event. */ #if !defined(MMC_POLLING_INTERVAL) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define MMC_POLLING_INTERVAL 10 #endif /** * @brief Interval, in milliseconds, between insertion queries. */ #if !defined(MMC_POLLING_DELAY) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define MMC_POLLING_DELAY 10 #endif /** * @brief Uses the SPI polled API for small data transfers. * @details Polled transfers usually improve performance because it * saves two context switches and interrupt servicing. Note * that this option has no effect on large transfers which * are always performed using DMAs/IRQs. */ #if !defined(MMC_USE_SPI_POLLING) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define MMC_USE_SPI_POLLING TRUE #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* SDC driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Number of initialization attempts before rejecting the card. * @note Attempts are performed at 10mS intevals. */ #if !defined(SDC_INIT_RETRY) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define SDC_INIT_RETRY 100 #endif /** * @brief Include support for MMC cards. * @note MMC support is not yet implemented so this option must be kept * at @p FALSE. */ #if !defined(SDC_MMC_SUPPORT) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define SDC_MMC_SUPPORT FALSE #endif /** * @brief Delays insertions. * @details If enabled this options inserts delays into the MMC waiting * routines releasing some extra CPU time for the threads with * lower priority, this may slow down the driver a bit however. */ #if !defined(SDC_NICE_WAITING) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define SDC_NICE_WAITING TRUE #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* SERIAL driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Default bit rate. * @details Configuration parameter, this is the baud rate selected for the * default configuration. */ #if !defined(SERIAL_DEFAULT_BITRATE) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define SERIAL_DEFAULT_BITRATE 38400 #endif /** * @brief Serial buffers size. * @details Configuration parameter, you can change the depth of the queue * buffers depending on the requirements of your application. * @note The default is 64 bytes for both the transmission and receive * buffers. */ #if !defined(SERIAL_BUFFERS_SIZE) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define SERIAL_BUFFERS_SIZE 16 #endif /*===========================================================================*/ /* SPI driver related settings. */ /*===========================================================================*/ /** * @brief Enables synchronous APIs. * @note Disabling this option saves both code and data space. */ #if !defined(SPI_USE_WAIT) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define SPI_USE_WAIT TRUE #endif /** * @brief Enables the @p spiAcquireBus() and @p spiReleaseBus() APIs. * @note Disabling this option saves both code and data space. */ #if !defined(SPI_USE_MUTUAL_EXCLUSION) || defined(__DOXYGEN__) #define SPI_USE_MUTUAL_EXCLUSION TRUE #endif #endif /* _HALCONF_H_ */ /** @} */ 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 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# Advanced googletest Topics

<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0016 DO NOT DELETE -->

## Introduction

Now that you have read the [googletest Primer](primer.md) and learned how to
write tests using googletest, it's time to learn some new tricks. This document
will show you more assertions as well as how to construct complex failure
messages, propagate fatal failures, reuse and speed up your test fixtures, and
use various flags with your tests.

## More Assertions

This section covers some less frequently used, but still significant,
assertions.

### Explicit Success and Failure

These three assertions do not actually test a value or expression. Instead, they
generate a success or failure directly. Like the macros that actually perform a
test, you may stream a custom failure message into them.

```c++
SUCCEED();
```

Generates a success. This does **NOT** make the overall test succeed. A test is
considered successful only if none of its assertions fail during its execution.

NOTE: `SUCCEED()` is purely documentary and currently doesn't generate any
user-visible output. However, we may add `SUCCEED()` messages to googletest's
output in the future.

```c++
FAIL();
ADD_FAILURE();
ADD_FAILURE_AT("file_path", line_number);
```

`FAIL()` generates a fatal failure, while `ADD_FAILURE()` and `ADD_FAILURE_AT()`
generate a nonfatal failure. These are useful when control flow, rather than a
Boolean expression, determines the test's success or failure. For example, you
might want to write something like:

```c++
switch(expression) {
  case 1:
     ... some checks ...
  case 2:
     ... some other checks ...
  default:
     FAIL() << "We shouldn't get here.";
}
```

NOTE: you can only use `FAIL()` in functions that return `void`. See the
[Assertion Placement section](#assertion-placement) for more information.

### Exception Assertions

These are for verifying that a piece of code throws (or does not throw) an
exception of the given type:

Fatal assertion                            | Nonfatal assertion                         | Verifies
------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ | --------
`ASSERT_THROW(statement, exception_type);` | `EXPECT_THROW(statement, exception_type);` | `statement` throws an exception of the given type
`ASSERT_ANY_THROW(statement);`             | `EXPECT_ANY_THROW(statement);`             | `statement` throws an exception of any type
`ASSERT_NO_THROW(statement);`              | `EXPECT_NO_THROW(statement);`              | `statement` doesn't throw any exception

Examples:

```c++
ASSERT_THROW(Foo(5), bar_exception);

EXPECT_NO_THROW({
  int n = 5;
  Bar(&n);
});
```

**Availability**: requires exceptions to be enabled in the build environment

### Predicate Assertions for Better Error Messages

Even though googletest has a rich set of assertions, they can never be complete,
as it's impossible (nor a good idea) to anticipate all scenarios a user might
run into. Therefore, sometimes a user has to use `EXPECT_TRUE()` to check a
complex expression, for lack of a better macro. This has the problem of not
showing you the values of the parts of the expression, making it hard to
understand what went wrong. As a workaround, some users choose to construct the
failure message by themselves, streaming it into `EXPECT_TRUE()`. However, this
is awkward especially when the expression has side-effects or is expensive to
evaluate.

googletest gives you three different options to solve this problem:

#### Using an Existing Boolean Function

If you already have a function or functor that returns `bool` (or a type that
can be implicitly converted to `bool`), you can use it in a *predicate
assertion* to get the function arguments printed for free:

<!-- mdformat off(github rendering does not support multiline tables) -->

| Fatal assertion                   | Nonfatal assertion                | Verifies                    |
| --------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------- |
| `ASSERT_PRED1(pred1, val1)`       | `EXPECT_PRED1(pred1, val1)`       | `pred1(val1)` is true       |
| `ASSERT_PRED2(pred2, val1, val2)` | `EXPECT_PRED2(pred2, val1, val2)` | `pred2(val1, val2)` is true |
| `...`                             | `...`                             | `...`                       |

<!-- mdformat on-->
In the above, `predn` is an `n`-ary predicate function or functor, where `val1`,
`val2`, ..., and `valn` are its arguments. The assertion succeeds if the
predicate returns `true` when applied to the given arguments, and fails
otherwise. When the assertion fails, it prints the value of each argument. In
either case, the arguments are evaluated exactly once.

Here's an example. Given

```c++
// Returns true if m and n have no common divisors except 1.
bool MutuallyPrime(int m, int n) { ... }

const int a = 3;
const int b = 4;
const int c = 10;
```

the assertion

```c++
  EXPECT_PRED2(MutuallyPrime, a, b);
```

will succeed, while the assertion

```c++
  EXPECT_PRED2(MutuallyPrime, b, c);
```

will fail with the message

```none
MutuallyPrime(b, c) is false, where
b is 4
c is 10
```

> NOTE:
>
> 1.  If you see a compiler error "no matching function to call" when using
>     `ASSERT_PRED*` or `EXPECT_PRED*`, please see
>     [this](faq.md#the-compiler-complains-no-matching-function-to-call-when-i-use-assert-pred-how-do-i-fix-it)
>     for how to resolve it.

#### Using a Function That Returns an AssertionResult

While `EXPECT_PRED*()` and friends are handy for a quick job, the syntax is not
satisfactory: you have to use different macros for different arities, and it
feels more like Lisp than C++. The `::testing::AssertionResult` class solves
this problem.

An `AssertionResult` object represents the result of an assertion (whether it's
a success or a failure, and an associated message). You can create an
`AssertionResult` using one of these factory functions:

```c++
namespace testing {

// Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has
// succeeded.
AssertionResult AssertionSuccess();

// Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has
// failed.
AssertionResult AssertionFailure();

}
```

You can then use the `<<` operator to stream messages to the `AssertionResult`
object.

To provide more readable messages in Boolean assertions (e.g. `EXPECT_TRUE()`),
write a predicate function that returns `AssertionResult` instead of `bool`. For
example, if you define `IsEven()` as:

```c++
::testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) {
  if ((n % 2) == 0)
     return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
  else
     return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";
}
```

instead of:

```c++
bool IsEven(int n) {
  return (n % 2) == 0;
}
```

the failed assertion `EXPECT_TRUE(IsEven(Fib(4)))` will print:

```none
Value of: IsEven(Fib(4))
  Actual: false (3 is odd)
Expected: true
```

instead of a more opaque

```none
Value of: IsEven(Fib(4))
  Actual: false
Expected: true
```

If you want informative messages in `EXPECT_FALSE` and `ASSERT_FALSE` as well
(one third of Boolean assertions in the Google code base are negative ones), and
are fine with making the predicate slower in the success case, you can supply a
success message:

```c++
::testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) {
  if ((n % 2) == 0)
     return ::testing::AssertionSuccess() << n << " is even";
  else
     return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";
}
```

Then the statement `EXPECT_FALSE(IsEven(Fib(6)))` will print

```none
  Value of: IsEven(Fib(6))
     Actual: true (8 is even)
  Expected: false
```

#### Using a Predicate-Formatter

If you find the default message generated by `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_PRED*` and
`(ASSERT|EXPECT)_(TRUE|FALSE)` unsatisfactory, or some arguments to your
predicate do not support streaming to `ostream`, you can instead use the
following *predicate-formatter assertions* to *fully* customize how the message
is formatted:

Fatal assertion                                  | Nonfatal assertion                               | Verifies
------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | --------
`ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT1(pred_format1, val1);`       | `EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(pred_format1, val1);`       | `pred_format1(val1)` is successful
`ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(pred_format2, val1, val2);` | `EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(pred_format2, val1, val2);` | `pred_format2(val1, val2)` is successful
`...`                                            | `...`                                            | ...

The difference between this and the previous group of macros is that instead of
a predicate, `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_PRED_FORMAT*` take a *predicate-formatter*
(`pred_formatn`), which is a function or functor with the signature:

```c++
::testing::AssertionResult PredicateFormattern(const char* expr1,
                                               const char* expr2,
                                               ...
                                               const char* exprn,
                                               T1 val1,
                                               T2 val2,
                                               ...
                                               Tn valn);
```

where `val1`, `val2`, ..., and `valn` are the values of the predicate arguments,
and `expr1`, `expr2`, ..., and `exprn` are the corresponding expressions as they
appear in the source code. The types `T1`, `T2`, ..., and `Tn` can be either
value types or reference types. For example, if an argument has type `Foo`, you
can declare it as either `Foo` or `const Foo&`, whichever is appropriate.

As an example, let's improve the failure message in `MutuallyPrime()`, which was
used with `EXPECT_PRED2()`:

```c++
// Returns the smallest prime common divisor of m and n,
// or 1 when m and n are mutually prime.
int SmallestPrimeCommonDivisor(int m, int n) { ... }

// A predicate-formatter for asserting that two integers are mutually prime.
::testing::AssertionResult AssertMutuallyPrime(const char* m_expr,
                                               const char* n_expr,
                                               int m,
                                               int n) {
  if (MutuallyPrime(m, n)) return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();

  return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << m_expr << " and " << n_expr
      << " (" << m << " and " << n << ") are not mutually prime, "
      << "as they have a common divisor " << SmallestPrimeCommonDivisor(m, n);
}
```

With this predicate-formatter, we can use

```c++
  EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(AssertMutuallyPrime, b, c);
```

to generate the message

```none
b and c (4 and 10) are not mutually prime, as they have a common divisor 2.
```

As you may have realized, many of the built-in assertions we introduced earlier
are special cases of `(EXPECT|ASSERT)_PRED_FORMAT*`. In fact, most of them are
indeed defined using `(EXPECT|ASSERT)_PRED_FORMAT*`.

### Floating-Point Comparison

Comparing floating-point numbers is tricky. Due to round-off errors, it is very
unlikely that two floating-points will match exactly. Therefore, `ASSERT_EQ` 's
naive comparison usually doesn't work. And since floating-points can have a wide
value range, no single fixed error bound works. It's better to compare by a
fixed relative error bound, except for values close to 0 due to the loss of
precision there.

In general, for floating-point comparison to make sense, the user needs to
carefully choose the error bound. If they don't want or care to, comparing in
terms of Units in the Last Place (ULPs) is a good default, and googletest
provides assertions to do this. Full details about ULPs are quite long; if you
want to learn more, see
[here](https://randomascii.wordpress.com/2012/02/25/comparing-floating-point-numbers-2012-edition/).

#### Floating-Point Macros

<!-- mdformat off(github rendering does not support multiline tables) -->

| Fatal assertion                 | Nonfatal assertion              | Verifies                                 |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| `ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(val1, val2);`  | `EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(val1, val2);`  | the two `float` values are almost equal  |
| `ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(val1, val2);` | `EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(val1, val2);` | the two `double` values are almost equal |

<!-- mdformat on-->

By "almost equal" we mean the values are within 4 ULP's from each other.

The following assertions allow you to choose the acceptable error bound:

<!-- mdformat off(github rendering does not support multiline tables) -->

| Fatal assertion                       | Nonfatal assertion                    | Verifies                                                                         |
| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `ASSERT_NEAR(val1, val2, abs_error);` | `EXPECT_NEAR(val1, val2, abs_error);` | the difference between `val1` and `val2` doesn't exceed the given absolute error |

<!-- mdformat on-->

#### Floating-Point Predicate-Format Functions

Some floating-point operations are useful, but not that often used. In order to
avoid an explosion of new macros, we provide them as predicate-format functions
that can be used in predicate assertion macros (e.g. `EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2`,
etc).

```c++
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(::testing::FloatLE, val1, val2);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(::testing::DoubleLE, val1, val2);
```

Verifies that `val1` is less than, or almost equal to, `val2`. You can replace
`EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2` in the above table with `ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2`.

### Asserting Using gMock Matchers

[gMock](../../googlemock) comes with a library of matchers for validating
arguments passed to mock objects. A gMock *matcher* is basically a predicate
that knows how to describe itself. It can be used in these assertion macros:

<!-- mdformat off(github rendering does not support multiline tables) -->

| Fatal assertion                | Nonfatal assertion             | Verifies              |
| ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | --------------------- |
| `ASSERT_THAT(value, matcher);` | `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher);` | value matches matcher |

<!-- mdformat on-->

For example, `StartsWith(prefix)` is a matcher that matches a string starting
with `prefix`, and you can write:

```c++
using ::testing::StartsWith;
...
    // Verifies that Foo() returns a string starting with "Hello".
    EXPECT_THAT(Foo(), StartsWith("Hello"));
```

Read this
[recipe](../../googlemock/docs/cook_book.md#using-matchers-in-googletest-assertions)
in the gMock Cookbook for more details.

gMock has a rich set of matchers. You can do many things googletest cannot do
alone with them. For a list of matchers gMock provides, read
[this](../../googlemock/docs/cook_book.md##using-matchers). It's easy to write
your [own matchers](../../googlemock/docs/cook_book.md#NewMatchers) too.

gMock is bundled with googletest, so you don't need to add any build dependency
in order to take advantage of this. Just include `"gmock/gmock.h"`
and you're ready to go.

### More String Assertions

(Please read the [previous](#asserting-using-gmock-matchers) section first if
you haven't.)

You can use the gMock
[string matchers](../../googlemock/docs/cheat_sheet.md#string-matchers) with
`EXPECT_THAT()` or `ASSERT_THAT()` to do more string comparison tricks
(sub-string, prefix, suffix, regular expression, and etc). For example,

```c++
using ::testing::HasSubstr;
using ::testing::MatchesRegex;
...
  ASSERT_THAT(foo_string, HasSubstr("needle"));
  EXPECT_THAT(bar_string, MatchesRegex("\\w*\\d+"));
```

If the string contains a well-formed HTML or XML document, you can check whether
its DOM tree matches an
[XPath expression](http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/#contents):

```c++
// Currently still in //template/prototemplate/testing:xpath_matcher
#include "template/prototemplate/testing/xpath_matcher.h"
using prototemplate::testing::MatchesXPath;
EXPECT_THAT(html_string, MatchesXPath("//a[text()='click here']"));
```

### Windows HRESULT assertions

These assertions test for `HRESULT` success or failure.

Fatal assertion                        | Nonfatal assertion                     | Verifies
-------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | --------
`ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(expression)` | `EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(expression)` | `expression` is a success `HRESULT`
`ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED(expression)`    | `EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED(expression)`    | `expression` is a failure `HRESULT`

The generated output contains the human-readable error message associated with
the `HRESULT` code returned by `expression`.

You might use them like this:

```c++
CComPtr<IShellDispatch2> shell;
ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(shell.CoCreateInstance(L"Shell.Application"));
CComVariant empty;
ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(shell->ShellExecute(CComBSTR(url), empty, empty, empty, empty));
```

### Type Assertions

You can call the function

```c++
::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>();
```

to assert that types `T1` and `T2` are the same. The function does nothing if
the assertion is satisfied. If the types are different, the function call will
fail to compile, the compiler error message will say that
`T1 and T2 are not the same type` and most likely (depending on the compiler)
show you the actual values of `T1` and `T2`. This is mainly useful inside
template code.

**Caveat**: When used inside a member function of a class template or a function
template, `StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>()` is effective only if the function is
instantiated. For example, given:

```c++
template <typename T> class Foo {
 public:
  void Bar() { ::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<int, T>(); }
};
```

the code:

```c++
void Test1() { Foo<bool> foo; }
```

will not generate a compiler error, as `Foo<bool>::Bar()` is never actually
instantiated. Instead, you need:

```c++
void Test2() { Foo<bool> foo; foo.Bar(); }
```

to cause a compiler error.

### Assertion Placement

You can use assertions in any C++ function. In particular, it doesn't have to be
a method of the test fixture class. The one constraint is that assertions that
generate a fatal failure (`FAIL*` and `ASSERT_*`) can only be used in
void-returning functions. This is a consequence of Google's not using
exceptions. By placing it in a non-void function you'll get a confusing compile
error like `"error: void value not ignored as it ought to be"` or `"cannot
initialize return object of type 'bool' with an rvalue of type 'void'"` or
`"error: no viable conversion from 'void' to 'string'"`.

If you need to use fatal assertions in a function that returns non-void, one
option is to make the function return the value in an out parameter instead. For
example, you can rewrite `T2 Foo(T1 x)` to `void Foo(T1 x, T2* result)`. You
need to make sure that `*result` contains some sensible value even when the
function returns prematurely. As the function now returns `void`, you can use
any assertion inside of it.

If changing the function's type is not an option, you should just use assertions
that generate non-fatal failures, such as `ADD_FAILURE*` and `EXPECT_*`.

NOTE: Constructors and destructors are not considered void-returning functions,
according to the C++ language specification, and so you may not use fatal
assertions in them; you'll get a compilation error if you try. Instead, either
call `abort` and crash the entire test executable, or put the fatal assertion in
a `SetUp`/`TearDown` function; see
[constructor/destructor vs. `SetUp`/`TearDown`](faq.md#CtorVsSetUp)

WARNING: A fatal assertion in a helper function (private void-returning method)
called from a constructor or destructor does not does not terminate the current
test, as your intuition might suggest: it merely returns from the constructor or
destructor early, possibly leaving your object in a partially-constructed or
partially-destructed state! You almost certainly want to `abort` or use
`SetUp`/`TearDown` instead.

## Teaching googletest How to Print Your Values

When a test assertion such as `EXPECT_EQ` fails, googletest prints the argument
values to help you debug. It does this using a user-extensible value printer.

This printer knows how to print built-in C++ types, native arrays, STL
containers, and any type that supports the `<<` operator. For other types, it
prints the raw bytes in the value and hopes that you the user can figure it out.

As mentioned earlier, the printer is *extensible*. That means you can teach it
to do a better job at printing your particular type than to dump the bytes. To
do that, define `<<` for your type:

```c++
#include <ostream>

namespace foo {

class Bar {  // We want googletest to be able to print instances of this.
...
  // Create a free inline friend function.
  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Bar& bar) {
    return os << bar.DebugString();  // whatever needed to print bar to os
  }
};

// If you can't declare the function in the class it's important that the
// << operator is defined in the SAME namespace that defines Bar.  C++'s look-up
// rules rely on that.
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Bar& bar) {
  return os << bar.DebugString();  // whatever needed to print bar to os
}

}  // namespace foo
```

Sometimes, this might not be an option: your team may consider it bad style to
have a `<<` operator for `Bar`, or `Bar` may already have a `<<` operator that
doesn't do what you want (and you cannot change it). If so, you can instead