#include #ifdef _MSC_VER // Silence MSVC C++17 deprecation warning from Catch regarding std::uncaught_exceptions (up to catch // 2.0.1; this should be fixed in the next catch release after 2.0.1). # pragma warning(disable: 4996) #endif #include #include #include #include namespace py = pybind11; using namespace py::literals; class Widget { public: Widget(std::string message) : message(message) { } virtual ~Widget() = default; std::string the_message() const { return message; } virtual int the_answer() const = 0; private: std::string message; }; class PyWidget final : public Widget { using Widget::Widget; int the_answer() const override { PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE(int, Widget, the_answer); } }; PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(widget_module, m) { py::class_(m, "Widget") .def(py::init()) .def_property_readonly("the_message", &Widget::the_message); m.def("add", [](int i, int j) { return i + j; }); } PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(throw_exception, ) { throw std::runtime_error("C++ Error"); } PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(throw_error_already_set, ) { auto d = py::dict(); d["missing"].cast(); } TEST_CASE("Pass classes and data between modules defined in C++ and Python") { auto module_ = py::module_::import("test_interpreter"); REQUIRE(py::hasattr(module_, "DerivedWidget")); auto locals = py::dict("hello"_a="Hello, World!", "x"_a=5, **module_.attr("__dict__")); py::exec(R"( widget = DerivedWidget("{} - {}".format(hello, x)) message = widget.the_message )", py::globals(), locals); REQUIRE(locals["message"].cast() == "Hello, World! - 5"); auto py_widget = module_.attr("DerivedWidget")("The question"); auto message = py_widget.attr("the_message"); REQUIRE(message.cast() == "The question"); const auto &cpp_widget = py_widget.cast(); REQUIRE(cpp_widget.the_answer() == 42); } TEST_CASE("Import error handling") { REQUIRE_NOTHROW(py::module_::import("widget_module")); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::module_::import("throw_exception"), "ImportError: C++ Error"); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::module_::import("throw_error_already_set"), Catch::Contains("ImportError: KeyError")); } TEST_CASE("There can be only one interpreter") { static_assert(std::is_move_constructible::value, ""); static_assert(!std::is_move_assignable::value, ""); static_assert(!std::is_copy_constructible::value, ""); static_assert(!std::is_copy_assignable::value, ""); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::initialize_interpreter(), "The interpreter is already running"); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::scoped_interpreter(), "The interpreter is already running"); py::finalize_interpreter(); REQUIRE_NOTHROW(py::scoped_interpreter()); { auto pyi1 = py::scoped_interpreter(); auto pyi2 = std::move(pyi1); } py::initialize_interpreter(); } bool has_pybind11_internals_builtin() { auto builtins = py::handle(PyEval_GetBuiltins()); return builtins.contains(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID); }; bool has_pybind11_internals_static() { auto **&ipp = py::detail::get_internals_pp(); return ipp && *ipp; } TEST_CASE("Restart the interpreter") { // Verify pre-restart state. REQUIRE(py::module_::import("widget_module").attr("add")(1, 2).cast() == 3); REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin()); REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); REQUIRE(py::module_::import("external_module").attr("A")(123).attr("value").cast() == 123); // local and foreign module internals should point to the same internals: REQUIRE(reinterpret_cast(*py::detail::get_internals_pp()) == py::module_::import("external_module").attr("internals_at")().cast()); // Restart the interpreter. py::finalize_interpreter(); REQUIRE(Py_IsInitialized() == 0); py::initialize_interpreter(); REQUIRE(Py_IsInitialized() == 1); // Internals are deleted after a restart. REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin()); REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); pybind11::detail::get_internals(); REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin()); REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); REQUIRE(reinterpret_cast(*py::detail::get_internals_pp()) == py::module_::import("external_module").attr("internals_at")().cast()); // Make sure that an interpreter with no get_internals() created until finalize still gets the // internals destroyed py::finalize_interpreter(); py::initialize_interpreter(); bool ran = false; py::module_::import("__main__").attr("internals_destroy_test") = py::capsule(&ran, [](void *ran) { py::detail::get_internals(); *static_cast(ran) = true; }); REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin()); REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); REQUIRE_FALSE(ran); py::finalize_interpreter(); REQUIRE(ran); py::initialize_interpreter(); REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin()); REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); // C++ modules can be reloaded. auto cpp_module = py::module_::import("widget_module"); REQUIRE(cpp_module.attr("add")(1, 2).cast() == 3); // C++ type information is reloaded and can be used in python modules. auto py_module = py::module_::import("test_interpreter"); auto py_widget = py_module.attr("DerivedWidget")("Hello after restart"); REQUIRE(py_widget.attr("the_message").cast() == "Hello after restart"); } TEST_CASE("Subinterpreter") { // Add tags to the modules in the main interpreter and test the basics. py::module_::import("__main__").attr("main_tag") = "main interpreter"; { auto m = py::module_::import("widget_module"); m.attr("extension_module_tag") = "added to module in main interpreter"; REQUIRE(m.attr("add")(1, 2).cast() == 3); } REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin()); REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); /// Create and switch to a subinterpreter. auto main_tstate = PyThreadState_Get(); auto sub_tstate = Py_NewInterpreter(); // Subinterpreters get their own copy of builtins. detail::get_internals() still // works by returning from the static variable, i.e. all interpreters share a single // global pybind11::internals; REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_builtin()); REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); // Modules tags should be gone. REQUIRE_FALSE(py::hasattr(py::module_::import("__main__"), "tag")); { auto m = py::module_::import("widget_module"); REQUIRE_FALSE(py::hasattr(m, "extension_module_tag")); // Function bindings should still work. REQUIRE(m.attr("add")(1, 2).cast() == 3); } // Restore main interpreter. Py_EndInterpreter(sub_tstate); PyThreadState_Swap(main_tstate); REQUIRE(py::hasattr(py::module_::import("__main__"), "main_tag")); REQUIRE(py::hasattr(py::module_::import("widget_module"), "extension_module_tag")); } TEST_CASE("Execution frame") { // When the interpreter is embedded, there is no execution frame, but `py::exec` // should still function by using reasonable globals: `__main__.__dict__`. py::exec("var = dict(number=42)"); REQUIRE(py::globals()["var"]["number"].cast() == 42); } TEST_CASE("Threads") { // Restart interpreter to ensure threads are not initialized py::finalize_interpreter(); py::initialize_interpreter(); REQUIRE_FALSE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); constexpr auto num_threads = 10; auto locals = py::dict("count"_a=0); { py::gil_scoped_release gil_release{}; REQUIRE(has_pybind11_internals_static()); auto threads = std::vector(); for (auto i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) { threads.emplace_back([&]() { py::gil_scoped_acquire gil{}; locals["count"] = locals["count"].cast() + 1; }); } for (auto &thread : threads) { thread.join(); } } REQUIRE(locals["count"].cast() == num_threads); } // Scope exit utility https://stackoverflow.com/a/36644501/7255855 struct scope_exit { std::function f_; explicit scope_exit(std::function f) noexcept : f_(std::move(f)) {} ~scope_exit() { if (f_) f_(); } }; TEST_CASE("Reload module from file") { // Disable generation of cached bytecode (.pyc files) for this test, otherwise // Python might pick up an old version from the cache instead of the new versions // of the .py files generated below auto sys = py::module_::import("sys"); bool dont_write_bytecode = sys.attr("dont_write_bytecode").cast(); sys.attr("dont_write_bytecode") = true; // Reset the value at scope exit scope_exit reset_dont_write_bytecode([&]() { sys.attr("dont_write_bytecode") = dont_write_bytecode; }); std::string module_name = "test_module_reload"; std::string module_file = module_name + ".py"; // Create the module .py file std::ofstream test_module(module_file); test_module << "def test():\n"; test_module << " return 1\n"; test_module.close(); // Delete the file at scope exit scope_exit delete_module_file([&]() { std::remove(module_file.c_str()); }); // Import the module from file auto module_ = py::module_::import(module_name.c_str()); int result = module_.attr("test")().cast(); REQUIRE(result == 1); // Update the module .py file with a small change test_module.open(module_file); test_module << "def test():\n"; test_module << " return 2\n"; test_module.close(); // Reload the module module_.reload(); result = module_.attr("test")().cast(); REQUIRE(result == 2); } '>211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534